BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY VOL. XXI 19671968 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: 1968 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. i 14 July, 1967 No. 2 . . 25 August, 1967 No. 3 ...... 12 January, 1968 No. 4 ...... 20 February, 1968 No. 5 . . . . . .23 February, 1968 No. 6 . . . . . . 19 April, 1968 No. 7 . . . . . .19 April, 1968 No. 8 26 April, 1968 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON LIMITED DORKING, SURREY CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XXI PAGE No. i. The Indo- Australian species of Ultor-group of Apanteles Forster (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). By G. E. J. NIXON i No. 2. A revision of the Oriental species of Palexorista Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae, Sturmiini). By R. W. CROSSKEY 35 No. 3. A revision of the Holarctic genus Dikraneura (Homoptera: Cicadel- lidae). ByW. J. KNIGHT 99 No. 4. Contributions towards a revision of Myrsidea Waterston III (Meno- ponidae : Mallophaga). By T. CLAY 203 No. 5. Sphecidae des lies Canaries (Hymenoptera). By J. DE BEAUMONT 245 No. 6 A revision of the Ethiopian species of the Tribe Notiphilini (Diptera: Ephydridae). ByB. H. COGAN 279 No. 7. The Aloeides thyra complex (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). By G. E. TITE & C. G. C. DICKSON 367 No. 8. The types of Lepidoptera Heterocera described by P. Mabille. By P. VIETTE & D. S. FLETCHER 389 Index to Volume XXI 427 <$W 12 THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES ^ OF THE t/L TOR-GROUP OF APANTELES FORSTER (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE) G. E. J. NIXON BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 21 No. i LONDON: 1967 THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF \J 2 ^i THE 7LTO-GROUP OF APANTELES FORSTER (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE) BY G. E.J.NIXON v Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London Pp. 1-34 ; 29 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 21 No. i LONDON: 1967 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 21, No. i of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 14 July, 1967 Price Fifteen Shillings THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE ULTO.R-GROUP OF APANTELES FORSTER (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE) By G. E. J. NIXON CONTENTS Page THE Ultor-GROUP OF APANTELES ....... 3 KEY TO SPECIES (FEMALES) ........ 4 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES ........ 12 REFERENCES ........... 33 SYNOPSIS In this paper, the ultor-group of Apanteles is revised, a new key to the species is given, 22 described species are dealt with, of which 2 are placed in synonymy and 23 new species are described. The main reason for the writing of this revision was a request by Dr. B. J. Wood of the Chemara Research Station, Johore, Malaysia for the identification of a species of Apanteles that he found to be an important parasite of the bag-worm, Metesa plana Walker. Since the species in question is one of several known to be parasites of various lepidopterous pests in the Indo-australian region, I thought it would be much more useful to revise the whole group to which they belong rather than describe a single new species in isolation. THE ULTOR-GROVP OF Apanteles I HAVE already defined this group (1965 : 126) but, as usually happens when further species need to be accommodated within a category, modifications now become necessary. The ultor-group is based on three characters; these concern the punctation of the mesoscutum, the shape of the posterolateral field of the propodeum and the general appearance of the vannal lobe of the hind wing. The original definitions and the changes required in them may be stated as follows: (1) "A sharp, very well defined punctation on the mesoscutum without a trace of longitudinal striation at the posterior end of the imaginary course of the notaulices". This character holds for all the species in this paper with regard to the last remark but I have included two transitional species lipsis and fakhmlhajiae in which the mesoscutal punctation could be described neither as sharp nor well defined. (2) "A postero-lateral propodeal field that is always distinctly a little transverse". This is true of the majority of the species, but one cato has this field as long as wide. In others, among them, platyedrae, the boundary of this field is obscured by coarse rugosities; and in one species, tasmanica, the area is indicated simply by a fading out of sculpture. ENTOM. 21, I. I 4 G. E. J. NIXON (3) "A vannal lobe with an evenly convex edge that is fringed throughout with short hairs". The fringe of hairs remains constant, but in a few species, among them labaris, the edge is straight beyond the widest part of the lobe. In this respect there is an approach to the condition found in some species of the ater-group (Nixon, 1965 : 25). I also mentioned that the first tergite is usually parallel-sided; this is essentially true. It is never wedge-shaped, i.e. narrowed behind, as in most of the species of the ater-group. Concerning the species dealt with in this synopsis, the only character that I have found to have real significance in separating them is the shape of the ovipositor as seen in profile. A few transitional species are included, for it is possible that they might be sought within the ultor-group as I have defined it. KEY TO SPECIES FEMALES Propodeum with only the merest trace of an areola and without trace of costulae; punctation of mesoscutum fine, dense and, towards front, obsolescent. Antennal scape and hind femur yellow; stigma with pale, basal spot; gaster, apart from tergite i and the basal field of tergite (2 + 3), mainly reddish or reddish yellow; tergite i densely rugose; ovipositor sheath a little longer than the hind tibia ....... fakhrulhajiae Mahdihassan (p. 33) Propodeum almost always with clearly denned areola and costulae; mesoscutum always with a very well denned, characteristic punctation (but cf . lipsis) ; in species in which the areola and costula are obscured by coarse rugosities, the punctures of the mesoscutum are particularly large and sharply denned with polished interstices (platyedvae, gentilis) ....... 2 Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) very much wider than the apical width of tergite i (Text-fig. 22). Aberrant species with the ocelli in a high triangle, the posterior tangent to the anterior ocellus passing clearly in front of the posterior pair; hind femur reddish yellow; punctation of the mesoscutum fine, obsolescent; ovipositor sheath slightly longer than the hind tibia .... atnaris sp. n. (p. 32) Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) at most slightly wider than the apical width of tergite i 3 Cheeks with a whitish blotch; propodeum without clearly defined areolation. Ovipositor sheath considerably longer than the hind tibia; ovipositor thin . 4 Cheeks without a whitish blotch . . . . . . . '-.;. 6 Mesoscutum strongly shining, its punctation either fine or the punctures well separated ............ 5 Mesoscutum dull, showing two, broad bands of coarse, more or less coalescent punctation along the imaginary course of the notaulices. Hind tibia with apical infuscation that extends ventrally almost to middle tasmanica Cameron (p. 17) Apart from a hardly indicated areola, propodeum shiny, smooth-looking and with only vague traces of sculpture; pubescence of middle part of mesoscutum brushed inwards towards the middle line; hind tibia entirely yellow; ocelli in a high triangle, the posterior tangent to the anterior ocellus passing clearly in front of the posterior pair ........ lipsis sp. n. (p. 32) ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 5 Propodeum strongly, coarsely rugose almost everywhere but with clearly indicated costulae ; pubescence of mesoscutum normal ; hind tibia almost black except for a pale, basal ring; posterior tangent to the anterior ocellus virtually touching the posterior pair ........ ilione sp. n. (p. 18) Ovipositor sheath distinctly longer than the hind tibia ..... 7 Ovipositor sheath not longer than the hind tibia . . . . . . 21 Gaster yellow, except tergite i which is reddish with narrow, darker lateral margin. Mesoscutum shiny, with large coarse punctures; propodeum rather long, its three posterior fields sharply defined and highly polished ; ovipositor rather thick, with down-curved, attenuated tip. .... numenes sp. n. (p. 31) Gaster dark, except in one species vernaliter and in this species at least tergite i is entirely blackened ........... 8 FIGS. 1-6. Apanteles, : Ovipositor of i, aso sp. n. ; 2, parasae Rohwer; 3, hyposidrae Wilkinson; 4, cleo sp. n.; 5, stantoni Ashmead; 6, metesae sp. n. 6 G. E. J. NIXON 8 Gaster dusky yellow, except for tergite i, the basal field of tergite (2 + 3) and a faint band on the following tergites. Vertex to sides of posterior ocellus with rather coarse punctation vernaliter Wilkinson (p. 21) - Gaster entirely dark ........... 9 9 Mesoscutum highly polished, its punctures well separated on posterior half (one to three diameters) and mid-posteriorly tending to disappear altogether. Areola of propodeum, and sometimes costula, obscured by much rugosity; antenna rather short, somewhat shorter than the body ; ovipositor sheath about one and a half times longer than the hind tibia ; hind femur dark brown platyedrae Wilkinson (p. 16) - Mesoscutum appearing less polished because of closer punctation; where there is an approach to the condition found in platyedrae the antenna is longer and the ovipositor sheath much shorter (gentilis) ....... 10 10 Costula of propodeum directed downwards in its lateral extension and terminating at posterior extremity of lateral propodeal keel. Large species, c. 3-5 mm. without ovipositor; stigma pale with darker border; hind wing glass-clear, very broad (Text-fig. 7) ; ovipositor straight, rather thick but abruptly downcurved at apex ..... labaris sp. n. (p. 19) Costula of propodeum either reaching the lateral propodeal keel or ill-defined and obscured by adjacent rugosities ......... n 1 1 Stigma colourless, with faintly darker border. Scape and hind femur entirely dark; ovipositor thin; head less circular from in front than usual (Text-fig. 14) ...... lebene sp. n. (p. 20) Stigma dark, at most with a pale basal spot . . . . . . . 12 12 Tergite i polished all over and virtually without sculpture. Punctures on posterior half of mesoscutum well separated, the interstices very shiny; scape entirely dark; wings distinctly brownish, both median and discoidal cell densely setose; apical attenuation of ovipositor abrupt, equal to about two thirds the length of the hind basitarsus (Text-fig. 21) lissos sp. n. (p. 21) Tergite i at most becoming polished and unsculptured towards apex . . . 13 13 Mesoscutum highly shining, its punctures rather large, sharply discrete, absent along middle line but tending in places to be contiguous along the imaginary course of the notaulices Scape mainly reddish yellow; antenna long, distinctly longer than the body; hind tibia blackened, except for whitish, basal ring; ovipositor weakly but evenly down-curved ........ gentilis sp. n. (p. 17) Mesoscutum rarely as shiny between its punctures and then either the ovipositor is longer and straight, except at apex (coequatus), or the hind tibia is entirely yellow (cyamori) ........... 14 14 Scape of antenna entirely dark ......... 15 Scape of antenna yellow, usually with darker, apical rim . . . . . 19 15 Ovipositor very thick, fully equal to the width of the hind basitarsus, as seen in profile (Text-fig. 6) 16 Ovipositor much less thick, not equal to the width of the hind basitarsus as seen in profile ............ 17 1 6 First discoidal cell distinctly wider than high, 7:6; ovipositor strongly and deeply curved (Text-fig. 6). Antenna long, with the preapical segment fully one and a half times longer than wide; hairs of tergite 3 reduced almost to a single row tnetesae sp. n. (p. 15) First discoidal cell not distinctly wider than high; ovipositor almost straight. Preapical segment of the antenna only slightly longer than wide . , . hasorae Wilkinson (p. 14) ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 14 15 FIGS. 7-15. Apanteles, : Hind wing of 7, labaris sp. n.; 8, lebene sp. n.; 9, platyedrae Wilkinson; 10, caniae Wilkinson; n, maro sp. n.; 12, lipsis sp. n., head and nieso- scutum (dorsal); 13, baoris Wilkinson, part of fore wing; 14, lebene sp. n., head (from in front); 15, cato sp. n., head (from in front). 8 G. E. J. NIXON 17 Hind femur infuscate but with a yellowish flush along each side; mesoscutum polished between its sharp punctures. ........ Ovipositor straight, except at apex, a little more than two and a half times longer than the hind tibia; spines of the outer side of the hind tibia dense and almost all of them thick ..... coequatus sp. n. (p. 20) Hind femur dark brown to blackish throughout; mesoscutum lacking a polished appearance ............ 18 1 8 Front part of the mesopleurum dull, rugose-punctate; setae of the median cell tending to be widely absent along the medius side of the cell ; punctation of the mesoscutum contiguous and in places confluent, the surface having a somewhat roughened appearance; areolation of the propodeum very sharply denned, strong .......... iulis sp. n. (p. 16) Front part of the mesopleurum shiny and with weak punctation; setae of the median cell tending to be evenly distributed; punctation of the mesoscutum, though tending to be contiguous along the imaginary course of the notaulices, sharper, the surface lacking the roughened confluent appearance of iulis ; areola- tion of the propodeum much weaker, poorly defined . . rniris sp. n. (p. 14) 19 Hind tibia yellow throughout; mesoscutum strongly shining between its rather small, discrete punctures; wings brownish. Scape yellow throughout; hind femur entirely yellow; flagellum fulvous, first discoidal cell distinctly wider than high .... cyamon sp. n. (p. 13) Hind tibia with at least the apex blackened; mesoscutum dull between its punc- tures, with an oily lustre ; wings glass-clear ....... 20 20 Hind femur with a variable amount of infuscation . inquisitor Wilkinson (p. 13) Hind femur entirely yellow ...... stantoni Ashmead (p. 12) 21 Tergite (2 + 3) distal to the basal area almost as rugose as the basal area itself and hardly longer than this. Tergite i strongly widened to apex (Text-fig. 27) ; ovipositor sheath about as long as the hind basitarsus .... hetnitheae Wilkinson (p. 31) Tergite (2 + 3) distal to the basal area smooth, at most with a dull, satiny sheen and usually considerably longer than the basal area itself; if not, then the ovipositor sheath almost concealed .......... 22 22 Ovipositor sheath not, or only slightly projecting beyond the apex of the gaster, not longer than the hind basitarsus ........ 23 Ovipositor sheath always at least considerably longer than this and projecting considerably beyond the apex of the gaster ....... 26 23 Apical segment of front tarsus without trace of a spine. Hind femur yellow; setae of the median cell dark, evenly distributed over entire surface of cell; mesopleurum in front with large area of dull, coarse rugose-punctation ........ cleo sp. n. (p. 30) Apical segment of front tarsus with at least a fine, but distinct spine (Text-fig. 24) 24 24 Apical attenuation of the ovipositor almost as long as the thickened, basal part and as long as the hind basitarsus (Text-fig, i); hypopygium of powerful build and heavily sclerotized. ......... Antenna long, thin, with the preapical segment about twice as long as wide aso sp. n. (p. 30) Apical attenuation of the ovipositor much shorter than the basal, thickened part and only about half as long as the hind basitarsus . . . . . 25 25 Hind femur infuscate; stigma without a pale, basal spot; scutellum convex, markedly punctate, especially along sides; spine of the apical segment of the front tarsus inconspicuous (Text-fig. 24); basal field of tergite (2 + 3) about three quarters as long as that part of the segment beyond it hyposidrae Wilkinson (p. 29) ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 9 Hind femur yellow or almost so; stigma with a pale, basal spot; scutellum very shiny and with much less evident punctation ; spine of the apical segment of the front tarsus slightly better developed than in hyposidrae expulsus Turner (p. 27) 26 Ovipositor sheath much shorter than the hind tibia . . . . . . 27 Ovipositor sheath at most only slightly shorter than the hind tibia ... 32 27 Posterior half of the mesoscutum polished and with sparse, discrete punctures, the punctures widely absent along posterior margin and elsewhere separated by at least one diameter. Hind leg blackish virtually throughout; scutellum polished, impunctate; front tarsus whitish, its apical segment without a spine . . . acratos sp. n. (p. 23) Posterior half of mesoscutum closely punctate, not polished between its punctures even if these are separated by as much as one diameter . . . . 28 21 FIGS. 16-21. Apanteles, $: Ovipositor of 16, baoris Wilkinson; 17, caniae Wilkinson; 18, cato sp. n.; ig, priscus sp. n.; 20, prodeniae Viereck; 21, lissos sp. n. io G. E. J. NIXON 28 Hypopygium short, heavily sclerotized, without lateral creases, though, in the dead insect still tightly folded along the middle line ; ovipositor sheath, seen from the side, somewhat fusiform and, seen from above, clothed densely with short, even, not erect hairs. Hind femur yellow ; scape infuscate ; stigma with pale, basal spot nydia sp. n. (p. 29) Hypopygium longer, less heavily sclerotized and with clear indication of lateral creases in the dead insect; ovipositor sheath, seen from the side, lacking this fusiform appearance and, seen from above, with longer, more irregular hairs, many of which are more or less erect ........ 29 29 Tergite (2 -f 3) showing no differentiated basal area, the basal part of the segment (tergite 2) being completely smooth and separated from the apical part (tergite 3) only by an indistinct suture; its lateral sulci also indistinct and in any case more or less longitudinally placed. Tergite i shiny and virtually smooth; ovipositor more or less straight, very thick, with an abrupt apical attenuation equal to the second segment of the hind tarsus ....... tnendosae Wilkinson (p. 28) Tergite (2 + 3) showing a basal area (tergite 2) that is differentiated from the rest of the segment (tergite 3) either by a well denned suture and limited laterally by sulci or by being simply rugose ......... 30 30 Horizontal surface of tergite i in greater part smooth and polished; basal area of tergite (2 -f 3) polished and smooth except for traces of sculpture towards sides. Apical segment of the front tarsus with an inconspicuous ( x 40), hardly differentiated spine ; basal area of tergite (2 + 3) only about half as long as the rest of the segment beyond it; setae of the median cell colourless; ovipositor very thick, curved, strongly tapering from base to apex but with an apical attenuation equal to the fourth segment of the hind tarsus (Text-fig. 20) prodeniae Viereck (p. 27) Horizontal surface of tergite i rugose all over; basal area of tergite (2 + 3) rarely as smooth as this and then it is more than half as long as the rest of the segment beyond it. Species with the setae of the median cell dark ...... 31 31 Basal area of tergite (2 -f 3) strongly, evenly rugose, the sculpture like that of the horizontal part of tergite i ; apical segment of the front tarsus with a strong spine ; ovipositor thick, tapering, curved ; setae of the median cell longer, sparser, tending to disappear along the medius side of the cell . expulsus Turner (p. 27) Basal area of tergite (2 + 3) with weaker sculpture that tends to fade out medially; apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine; ovipositor thin, almost straight (Text-fig. 17); setae of the median cell shorter, evenly distributed over the surface of the cell ...... caniae Wilkinson (p. 26) 32 Ovipositor sheath about as long as the hind tibia . . . . . . 33 Ovipositor sheath obviously shorter than the hind tibia ..... 40 33 Stigma almost colourless, except along wing edge. Venation proximal to the areolet unpigmented; first discoidal cell not wider than high ......... acron sp. n. (p. 23) Stigma somewhat pale only in one species baoris and this species has the first discoidal cell distinctly wider than high ....... 34 34 Ovipositor straight (Text-fig. 18). Hind femur blackish; apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine; apical attenuation of the ovipositor as long as the second segment of the hind tarsus; posterior, lateral areas of the propodeum as long as wide; basal area of tergite (2 + 3) virtually smooth ...... cato sp. n. (p. 26) Ovipositor at most nearly straight and then the hind femur is yellow and the basal area of tergite (2 + 3) is rugose ......... 35 ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES n 35 Ovipositor weakly curved and with a weakly differentiated apical attenuation that is about equal to the length of the hind basitarsus (Text-fig. 2). Hind femur infuscate ; apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine ; setae of the median cell rather sparse and only weakly pigmented parasae Rohwer (p. 22) If the ovipositor shows an apical attenuation as long as the hind basitarsus, then this attenuation is much more sharply differentiated and the hind femur is yellow ............. 36 36 Ovipositor with an apical attenuation equal to about the length of the hind basitarsus. Hind femur yellow; horizontal surface of tergite i distinctly transverse, coarsely rugose, almost right-angled at its junction with the anterior, declivous 23 24 26 28 29 FIGS. 22-29. Apanteles, $: 22, amaris sp. n., basal tergites; 23, cato sp. n., propodeum; 24, hyposidrae Wilkinson; apical segment of front tarsus; 25, priscus sp. n., same; 26, orelia sp. n., basal tergites; 27, hemitheae Wilkinson, gaster (dorsal); 28, numenes sp. n., propodeum and basal tergites; 29, priscus sp. n., basal tergites. ENTOM. 21, I. ! 12 G. E. J. NIXON surface; the two surfaces almost humped at their junction; apical segment of the front tarsus with a feeble spine; ovipositor almost straight heterusiae Wilkinson (p. 25) If the ovipositor shows an abrupt apical attenuation, then this is clearly shorter than the hind basitarsus. Apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine . . . . . 37 37 Ovipositor thin and without an apical attenuation . . . . . . 38 Ovipositor thick, strongly down-curved and with an abrupt, apical attenuation. Hind femur infuscate; apical attenuation of the ovipositor about two thirds as long as the hind basitarsus (Text-fig. 16) . . . . . . . 39 38 Ovipositor almost straight; hind femur yellow, except for faint darkening above at apex; first discoidal cell not wider than high. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) almost smooth . . . aluella sp. n. (p. 27) Ovipositor feebly curved throughout; hind femur infuscate; first discoidal cell slightly wider than high, 25 : 22. Inner spur of the hind tibia fully half as long as the hind basitarsus; hori- zontal surface of tergite i fully as long as wide . . bambusae Wilkinson (p. 24) 39 First discoidal cell wider than high (Text-fig. 13); stigma pale, almost pellucid, with darker border. Hairs of the median cell dense, evenly distributed . baoris Wilkinson (p. 22) First discoidal cell not wider than high; stigma evenly dark. Wings faintly brownish; horizontal surface of tergite i, at least mid-basally, becoming polished and almost without sculpture . . . agilis Ashmead (p. 22) 40 Ovipositor much thickened towards base and with a distinct apical attenuation. First discoidal cell not wider than high; apical segment of the front tarsus with at least an inconspicuous spine (Text-fig. 25) . . . . . . 41 Ovipositor at most only weakly thickened towards apex; no apical attenuation present; first discoidal cell distinctly a little wider than high, 25 : 22 . . 42 41 Stigma pellucid; venation proximal to the areolet unpigmented; hind femur blackened; horizontal surface of tergite i slightly longer than wide; towards apex, its sculpture becomes very fine, almost longitudinally striate and with a satiny sheen; apical segment of the front tarsus with a small, inconspicuous spine .......... maro sp. n. (p. 25) Stigma not pellucid; venation proximal to the areolet pigmented; hind femur yellow; horizontal surface of tergite i slightly transverse, with coarse striation towards apical corners; apical segment of the front tarsus with long, curved, very conspicuous spine ....... prisons sp. n. (p. 24) 42 Apical segment of the front tarsus with a distinct spine (Text-fig. 26) ; horizontal surface of tergite i very slightly transverse and very coarsely rugose. Punctures of the dorsal surface of the mesoscutum large, of even size and well separated; ovipositor thickened towards base . . . orelia sp. n. (p. 28) Apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine; horizontal surface of tergite i slightly longer than wide, its sculpture finer and, towards apex, becoming fine striation ; ovipositor thin, feebly curved . . bambusae Wilkinson (p. 24) DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Apanteles stantoni (Ashmead) (Text-fig. 5) Urogaster stantoni Ashmead, 1904 : 20. Apanteles stantoni (Ashmead) Wilkinson, 1928 : 131. A panteles fistulae Wilkinson, 1928 : 134. Syn. n. $. Hind femur yellow. Wings hyaline; venation proximal to the areolet almost colourless. ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 13 Areolation of propodeum on the whole sharp, distinct ; the three posterior fields polished and more or less smooth. Horizontal part of tergite i varying from slightly transverse to fully as long as wide; rarely a little widened towards apex; often becoming markedly smoother towards apex. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) with only weak traces of sculpture, about half as long as the rest of the segment beyond it; in the two females of the type series of fistulae, tergite i is sculptured right to apex, the apical corners of the segment showing the striation common to many related species. Ovi- positor sheath about one and one third times longer than the hind tibia (Text-fig. 5). Length: c. 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. CHINA. FIJI. INDIA (type locality of fistulae). MALAYSIA. PHILIPPINES: Manila (type locality of stantoni}. Host. None known for type series of stantoni. Series in B.M. bred from the Pyralids : Glyphodis laticostalis Guenee, Margaronia glauculalis Guenee and Marga- ronia marginata Hampson. Argyroploce codonectis Meyrick (Eucosmidae) . Sylepta der ogata Fab. (Pyraustidae). Wilkinson (1928 : 132) recorded stantoni as a solitary parasite but this was in error, I think. There are two batches of cocoons in the B.M., one from China (without host name) and the other from Malaysia (ex Sylepta der ogata on Hibiscus}. My interpretation of stantoni, like Wilkinson's, is based on a paratype in the British Museum. The legs of fistulae are as bright yellow as those of stantoni but the ovipositor sheaths are slightly longer. For this reason, these specimens of fistulae are inter- mediate between typical stantoni and inquisitor. Wilkinson records fistulae as having been bred from a Pyralid defoliating Cassia fistula. Apanteles inquisitor Wilkinson Apanteles inquisitor Wilkinson, 1928 : 134. This species seems to be a fairly common parasite of Lamprosema diemenalis in S.E. Asia. Whether it is really distinct from stantoni I cannot be sure. $. The hind femur is obscurely yellowish compared with that of stantoni, distinctly darkened towards base and often along upper surface; sometimes the entire femur is lightly infuscate. Ovipositor sheath distinctly longer than that of stantoni, one and a half times longer than the hind tibia. CHINA. FIJI. MALAYSIA. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Lamprosema diemenalis Guerin (Pyraustidae) ; Maruca testulalis Geyer (Pyraustidae). A gregarious parasite. Apart from the slight difference in the colour of the legs and a constantly longer ovipositor sheath, I have been unable to confirm any of the differences, given by Wilkinson, between this species and stantoni. The stantoni-complex, consisting as it does, of stantoni, inquisitor and fistulae is in much need of further study. Apanteles cyamon sp. n. In length of ovipositor and yellow scape, a species fairly close to stantoni, with which it may be compared as follows: i 4 G. E. J. NIXON $. Hind tibia entirely yellow; hind tarsus almost as pale ; only first two segments darkened along outer side. Scape bright yellow, without a darkened, apical rim; flagellum brownish fulvous. Underside of thorax brownish. Wings faintly brownish, the venation proximal to the areolet pigmented and the setae dark. Antenna rather short, a little thicker than in stantoni, the preapical segment hardly longer than wide. Mesoscutum highly polished between its punctures, the punctures more sharply defined and more discrete than in stantoni. Setae of the first discoidal and median cells denser, shorter than in stantoni. Spines of the outer side of the hind tibia thicker, more numerous. Tergite i sculptured right to apex. Ovipositor evenly curved as in stantoni but slightly thinner. Ovipositor sheath slightly longer. Length: c. 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. NEW HEBRIDES: 1935 (M. Risbec), ex Batrachedra sp. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Batrachedra sp. This species is characterized by the shiny mesoscutum, and entirely pale scape and hind tibia. I am a little puzzled by the pale flagellum. If this is really a feature of the species and not the result of accident, it provides a colour character of considerable use in the recognition of the species. Apanteles miris sp. n. $. Differs mainly from stantoni in having a black scape and the hind femur deeply infuscate. The hind tibia is also infuscate but becomes dull reddish on about basal third. Wings very faintly tinted; venation proximal to the areolet pigmented and the setae of the median cell dark. Thorax, seen from the side, slightly less deep. Areolation of propodeum less well defined; costula very poorly defined, situated distinctly a little posterior to middle. First discoidal cell more densely setose; hind wing a little narrower. Tergite i rugose right to apex. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) as rugose as the apical part of tergite i. Ovipositor sheath very slightly longer. Length: c. 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. Type ?. AUSTRALIA: F.C.T., Molonglo R., 8. .1930 (L. F. Graham) B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: same data, io.iv.i93o, i $; F.C.T., Blundell's, I5.iii.i930, i $ (both L. F. Graham). On the whole, this is a poorly characterized species, clearly close to the stantoni- inquisitor complex and differing from it only by a very subtle combination of features, within which a general deepening of colour plays an important part. The dull, strongly rugose basal field of tergite (2 + 3) is probably diagnostic. Apanteles hasorae Wilkinson Apanteles hasorae Wilkinson, 1928 : 133. This species and the next metesae are mainly characterized by the greatly thickened ovipositor. $. In the type series, discoloured and shrivelled through having been initially preserved in fluid, the scape is entirely infuscate. Hind femur infuscate throughout; hind tibia weakly infuscate but paler towards base. ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 15 Antenna a little shorter than the body, with the three preapical segments very slightly longer than wide. Side of face distinctly, closely punctate. Scutellum flat, polished, impunctate. Horizontal part of tergite i about as long as wide, smooth and polished over most of its surface ; this may be merely a feature of the single series available. Ovipositor with an abrupt, apical attenuation equal to about the length of the second segment of the hind tarsus. JAVA. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Hasora mixta Mabille (Hesperiidae) on Denis. Apart from the colour of the scape and the legs, and the much thicker ovipositor, there is virtually nothing to separate this species from stantoni. Certainly, the face of stantoni appears much less closely and distinctly punctate but it must be remem- bered that only one series of hasorae has been available for comparison. Apanteles metesae sp. n. (Text-fig. 6) ?. A very dark-legged species with the hind femur almost black; at least the apical half of the hind tibia and whole of the hind tarsus deeply infuscate. Scape blackish. Wings almost hyaline; venation proximal to the areolet faintly pigmented; setae of the median cell dark. Face with the usual satiny sheen and with weak, obsolescent punctation more like that of stantoni than of hasorae. Antenna unusually thin; preapical segment fully one and a half times longer than wide. Punctation of mesoscutum typical of group, not distinguishable from that of the stantoni- complex. Scutellum flat, with scattered punctures that become closer towards sides. Spiracle of propodeum separated from junction of costula and lateral propodeal keel by three times its own diameter; in hasorae, this distance is distinctly less; in the stantoni-complex, it is much less, hardly twice the diameter of the spiracle. Horizontal part of tergite i varying from slightly transverse to being as long as wide ; towards apex, the coarse rugosity of the basal part of this area gives way to delicate longitudinal striation on a smooth surface with a satiny sheen ; sometimes the apical part of the tergite is as smooth and polished as in many examples of the stantoni-complex. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) virtually smooth, about two thirds as long as the rest of the segment. Ovipositor (Text-fig. 6). Length: c. 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. Type ?. MALAYSIA: Johore, 1963, ex Metesa plana (B. J. Wood) B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes. Same data, n. MALAYSIA: Selangor, Highland Estate, 4$, ex Crematopsyche pendula, 22 . xii . 1960 ; Perak, Ulu Bernam Estate, 3 $, ex C. pendula, 22.x. 1954 (/. /. Wyatt); 2 , ex C. pendula, 15.11.1955 (Dept. Agriculture). VIET- NAM: Saigon, 2 , ex C. pendula ?, 1934 (Inst. Agron. Colon). Host. Crematospyche pendula Joannis; Metesa plana Walker (Psychidae). In the twenty three examples examined, the scutellum is weakly shining and distinctly punctate at least towards sides; in this respect, there seems to be a constant difference between this species and the closely related hasorae. It is curious that in none of the above series of metesae are males present. There are three males in the types series of hasorae. 16 G. E. J. NIXON Apanteles lulls sp. n. A very dark-looking species, closely related to stantoni with which it may be compared as follows: $. Hind femur blackish; hind tibia becoming dull reddish yellow on about basal quarter. Scape entirely dark. Fore wing proximal to the areolet showing a slightly greater degree of pigmentation. Punctation of the mesoscutum slightly less even; punctures of posterior part tending to be confluent in places. Front part of the mesopleurum densely rugose-punctate, dull; in stantoni, this sculpture is reduced to discrete, sometimes more or less contiguous punctation. Horizontal part of tergite i slightly longer in relation to its apical width than in stantoni and sculptured right to apex, evenly rugose. Length: c. 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. NEW GUINEA: Lae, vii.1957, ex larva on Ipomea leaf (R. W. Paine) B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes ($). Same data: 3 ?, I <$. Host. Unknown. Since both "larva" and "leaf" are singular, this is probably a gregarious parasite. Although differing strikingly from stantoni in colour, this species, nevertheless, resembles it very closely. The possibility cannot be overlooked that iulis is perhaps only an extreme colour form of stantoni; the sculptural differences, based only on a small series of iulis, do not provide wholly satisfactory evidence of specific validity. In colour, this species is exactly like gentilis though I do not doubt that gentilis is a good species. Apanteles platyedrae Wilkinson (Text-fig. 9) Apanteles platyedrae Wilkinson, 1928 : 133. This species is essentially characterized by reduction of sculpture, the punctation of the mesoscutum being sparser than in any other species dealt with in this paper. $. Scape entirely dark. Stigma almost black. Hind femur deeply infuscate; hind tibia infuscate but yellowish on about basal quarter; hind tarsus infuscate throughout. Temples strongly shining, with hardly a trace of punctation. Antenna a little shorter than the body. Scutellum smooth, highly polished. Setae of the median cell short, dark, widely absent along the medius side of the cell; first discoidal cell distinctly wider than high, 24 : 19; hind wing rather narrow (Text-fig. 9). Spines of the outer side of the hind tibia numerous, nearly all thick and, on proximal half of tibia, almost dense. Ovipositor sheath almost twice as long as the hind tibia; ovipositor rather thin but still thick enough to show a distinct, though weak, apical attenuation. Length: 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. Fiji. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Platyedra (now Pectinophora] gossipiella Saunders (Gelechiidae) ; Decadar- chis heterogramma Meyrick (Lyonetiidae) . No information exists to show whether platyedrae is a gregarious or solitary parasite. ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 17 The head of this species is wider in comparison with the width of the thorax than in the stantoni-complex and the thorax, seen from the side, is more elongate and a little flattened. Apanteles gentilis sp. n. In darkness of leg colour and reduction of mesoscutal punctation, this species is much like platyedrae. It is, however, rather less elongate than that species and, having a pale scape, is perhaps more closely related to the species clustering around stantoni. It may be compared with platyedrae as follows : $. Hind tibia darker, almost black, with a sharply delimited, whitish yellow, basal band covering about basal fifth. Scape yellow, except for faint darkening around the apical rim. Temples with slightly more distinct punctation. Antenna considerably longer with segment 15, fully one and a half times longer than wide; in platyedrae, this segment is hardly longer than wide. Punctures of the mesoscutum large, occasionally confluent and, on each side of the middle line on posterior half, virtually contiguous. Propodeum more coarsely rugose, the costula hardly denned as such and the areola very poorly indicated. First discoidal cell less obviously wider than high. Spines of the outer side of the hind tibia slightly less thick and less dense. As in platyedrae, tergite i is rugose right to apex but here rather more densely so than in platyedrae. Ovipositor sheath as long as the hind tibia; ovipositor thinner and with an apical attenuation; evenly curved. Length: 2-4 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. NEW GUINEA: Lae, x.1957, ex larva of Agonoxena pyrogramma (R. W. Paine] B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes ($). Same data, 2$, 2 <$. NEW BRITAIN: Rabaul, 7$, 3^, ex Agonoxena Pyrogramma (R. W. Paine). SOLOMONS: Banika Is., i $, ex Agonoxena sp., 2.viii.i963 (R. W. Paine}. Host. Agonoxena pyrogramma Meyrick ( Agonoxenidae) . Solitary parasite, making a very thin, white cocoon. This species is largely characterized by the combination of colour of the hind legs and coarsely rugose propodeum. It should be mentioned that the definition of the costula of the propodeum is variable; it is more obscure in the type series from N. Guinea than in the longer series from New Britain. Agonoxena Pyrogramma is also parasitized by Apanteles Pyrogrammae Nixon (1965) and A. painei Nixon (1965), both of which are very different from gentilis. Apanteles tasmanica Cameron Apanteles tasmanica Cameron, 1912 : 196. Apanteles tasmanica Cameron; Wilkinson, 1928 : 120. There are two specimens labelled "tasmanica type" in the B.M., a male and a female. Wilkinson (1928 : 121) expressed a doubt concerning the correct association of these two specimens. Having examined a large series of tasmanica, I am satisfied that both male and female belong to this species. i8 G. E. J. NIXON (J $. Cheeks with a conspicuous, whitish, transparent blotch. Tegula bright yellow. Wings hyaline. Hind femur entirely yellow. Basal half of gaster yellowish beneath. $. Head between the posterior ocellus and the eye polished, virtually smooth. Antenna about as long as the body, with the preapical segment about one and a quarter times longer than wide. The two dull, broad bands of densely crowded, large punctures are characteristic of the mesoscutal sculpture. Propodeum with a prevailing sculpture of coarse, rugose-punctation ; the posterior, lateral area represented by a small, transverse field that is almost smooth ; towards the dorsal areas, the surface becomes smoother, more shiny and with isolated punctures ; owing to the absence of clearly defined areolation, the area occupied by hairs is considerably greater than in typical species of the ultor-group with complete areolation; in such species (typified by the common stantoni), the hairs are restricted to the two, lateral, dorsal areas. Setae of the median cell dark, tending to be widely absent along the medius side of the cell; edge of vannal lobe evenly convex. Ovipositor sheath about one and one third times longer than the hind tibia; ovipositor thin, evenly down-curved. Length: c. 2-8 mm. without ovipositor. TASMANIA (type locality). NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, long series in the B.M. (Nat. Hist.) bred from Tortrix postvittana on Apple. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Tortrix postvittana Walker (Tortricidae) . The colour of the hind tibia seems to be variable; it is always darkened at base but in some of the New Zealand specimens the infuscation spreads on the under-side of the tibia as far as middle. Sometimes tergite (2 -f 3) distal to the basal area shows a yellow mark on each side (type $ and some of the New Zealand examples) . Two specimens from Australia vary in the colour of the hind femur; one of them (Queensland, Lockyer, "from Lucerne") has the hind femur infuscate throughout and the hind tibia yellowish only on about basal third but the infuscation more extensive below than above as in typical examples. The second specimen (F.C.T., Brindabella) has the hind femur infuscated mainly along upper surface and is thus intermediate. The essential character for recognizing tasmanica is the sculpture of the meso- scutum. Apanteles ilione sp. n. This species is closely related to tasmanica in general facies, in having a white genal blotch and reduced propodeal areolation. It may be compared with tasmanica as follows: $. Hind femur infuscate but with a paler flush along each side; hind tibia infuscate but sharply paler on about basal fifth; hind tarsus blackish throughout. Stigma with a pale mark at base, that cuts distally like a wedge into the darker part; venation proximal to the areolet less deeply pigmented. Head slightly more transverse, even smoother above and with a slightly more evident satiny sheen. Mesoscutum strongly shining and polished between its sharp punctures; these are slightly more crowded to form, broad, bands along the imaginary course of the notaulices but nowhere are the punctures confluent. Setae of the median cell very sparse as in tasmanica but even more widely absent along the medius side of the cell. Propodeum more coarsely rugose, the ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 19 rugosities occupying the whole of the dorsal areas; costulae distinctly indicated in the single female available. Anterior part of mesopleurum polished, with sharp, discrete punctation. Gastral setae a little shorter and sparser, those on tergite (2 + 3) distal to basal area reduced almost to a single row. Ovipositor sheath longer, about one and two thirds times longer than the hind tibia. Type $. FIJI: Koronivia, 19.1.1963, ex Phycita sp. (B. A. O'Connor) B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Host. Phycita sp. Presumably a solitary parasite. Apanteles labaris sp. n. (Text-fig. 7) This is the largest of the species dealt with in the synopsis and is unlike any other on the structure of the propodeum. $. Scape entirely blackened. Wings glass-clear; venation proximal to the areolet without pigmentation. Hind femur reddish yellow; in one female, (Viti Levu, not type), the hind femur is faintly darkened along the upper edge; hind tarsus deeply infuscate. Temples shiny, with only a vague trace of punctation. Antenna long with segment 16 fully one and a half times longer than wide. Mesoscutum shiny but with a faint oily lustre; on anterior half the punctures are fine but along the imaginary notaulic courses, the punctures are larger, contiguous and form dull bands ; posterior to middle, the course of the notaulices is lost and the punctures everywhere become larger and more widely spaced than on the front, middle part of the mesoscutum. Scutellum highly polished, flat, with only the merest trace of fine punctation along sides. Propodeum on the whole coarsely rugose ; areola ill-defined and filled with rugosities. Setae of the median cell and the first discoidal cell unusually sparse, those of the discoidal cell separated by a distance greater than the length of a seta; hind wing unusually broad (Text-fig. 7); basella of hind wing straight; vannal lobe very slightly convex beyond its widest part. Anterior part of mesopleurum shiny and with discrete punctation. Horizontal part of tergite i slightly transverse, coarsely rugose but with a smoother, more shiny, median area. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) almost as long as the rest of the tergite beyond it and with a row of punctures along its posterior part ; the long, rather sparse hairs of the apical part of tergite (2 + 3) are distributed more or less evenly over its entire surface. Ovipositor sheath fully one and a half times longer than the hind tibia. Length: c. 3-5 mm. without ovipositor. cJ. Like the female but the hind femur entirely infuscate. In one of the two males, (the other has been damaged by a pin), the large, mid-basal area of the mesoscutum is polished and without punctures. Type $. FIJI: Viti Levu, Verata, Tailevu, 17. ix. 1954, ex ? CryptophleUa pallifimbriana (B. A. O'Connor] B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes ($). Same data, i 9, 2 <$; FIJI: Suva, i $, 29.1.1938. Host. ? Cryptophlebia pallifimbriana Bradley (Tortricidae) . An interesting species and rather far removed from such typical species of the ultor-group as stantoni. Apart from size and propodeal structure, the shortness of the apical part of tergite (2 + 3) in relation to the length of the basal field is a decidedly characteristic feature of the species. 20 G. E. J. NIXON Apanteles coequatus sp. n. $. May be compared with labaris as follows : wings very faintly darkened ; venation proxi- mal to the areolet weakly pigmented; setae of the median cell dark. Hind femur darkened along both upper and under surface but yellowish along sides ; hind tibia deeply inf uscate except for basal third; examples with entirely dark or entirely pale hind femur are to be expected. Antenna shorter, segment 16 being only about one and quarter times longer than wide. Punctation of mesoscutum typical of the group but shiny between the punctures ; the punctation is closer than that of platyedvae but hardly different from that of gentilis. Scutellum not so obviously flat and with a more obvious trace of punctation extending inwards from sides. Costula of propodeum hardly emphasized amid the adjacent rugosities but its position typical of the group. Setae of the median and first discoidal cells dense, more or less evenly distributed. Horizontal part of tergite i as long as wide, less strongly rugose, more shiny and virtually indistinguishable from such species as platyedrae, iulis, gentilis and ilione. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) hardly more than half as long as the rest of the tergite beyond it and with a row of large, rather indistinct pits. Ovipositor sheaths a little shorter; ovipositor thinner, straight but abruptly down-curved right at apex. Length: c. 2-4 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. TONGA-SAMOAN group, Niue Island, 28. .1949 (B. A. O'Connor] B.M. (Nat. Hist.). A. coequatus seems to be one of a small group of species that includes platyedrae. ilione and gentilis, characterized partly by reduced definition of propodeal areolation accompanied by a general increase in propodeal rugosity. The species have the hind tibia mainly deeply infuscated. Their distribution seems to be papuasian. Apanteles lebene sp. n. (Text-figs. 8, 14) Distinct from all the other species in this paper because of a slight, but significant lengthening of the face as seen from in front. 9. Legs very dark, all the femora infuscate ; hind tibia becoming pale on about basal quarter. Stigma pellucid with faintly darker border ; venation proximal to the areolet without pigmenta- tion. Gaster mainly dark brown; tergite i more or less black. Head in facial view (Text-fig. 14). Temples with a faint trace of punctation. Antenna thin, not longer than the body, with the preapical segment about one and a quarter times longer than wide. Mesoscutum with the punctation typical of the group ; surface markedly dull, the punctation close and even. Areolation of the propodeum sharply defined but the general surface rather more rugose than in stantoni. Wings narrower than in stantoni ; setae of the median cell evenly distributed, more numerous than in stantoni ; basella of the hind wing strongly curved (Text-fig. 8). Inner spur of the hind tibia somewhat long for the group. Horizontal part of tergite i slightly transverse, rugose all over; rest of gaster dull, with an oily lustre; basal field of tergite (2 + 3) almost as smooth as the apical part of the tergite; distal part of tergite (2 + 3) with numerous, adpressed hairs over its entire surface. Ovipositor sheath about one and a third times longer than the hind tibia; ovipositor thin, weakly down- curved towards apex. Length: 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. INDIA: Pusa, 16.^.1931, ex Pectinophora gossipiella on cotton, B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes. Same data, 2 $. ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES Host. Pectinophora gossipiella Saunders (Gelechiidae) . The pallid stigma is a useful secondary aid in the recognition of this species. Apanteles lissos sp. n. (Text-fig. 21) A small species, characterized essentially by the smoothness of the first tergite, and the shape of the ovipositor (Text-fig. 21). $. The main characters have been given in the key; there is little to add. Scape entirely dark. Stigma somewhat pale and with a still paler, faintly indicated, basal spot. Hind femur weakly infuscate and paler along each side ; hind tibia obscurely yellow but darkened at apex. Antenna thin, weak, not longer than the body. Head above with a satiny sheen; space between the posterior ocellus and the eye-margin with only a very faint trace of punctation. Face on each side with distinct punctation. Areolation of propodeum very weak; areola not always sharply separated from the postero- lateral fields ; all three fields strongly shining and almost smooth. First discoidal cell distinctly a little wider than high, n : 10. Gaster strongly shining, its setae very sparse. Ovipositor sheath very slightly longer than the hind tibia, c, 23 : 20. Length: c. 1-8 mm. without ovipositor, a small species. Type $. CHINA: Canton (W. E. Ho/man) B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes ($). Same data, n $, I <$. Apart from the highly polished first gastral segment, this species is interesting because of the well defined apical attenuation of the ovipositor. Such an attenuation is usually found correlated with a much shorter ovipositor. Where the ovipositor is much longer than the hind tibia, it can be thin and evenly curved as in stantoni, curved and much thickened as in metesae or straight with curved tip as in coequatus but never with a readily obvious apical attenuation. Apanteles vernaliter Wilkinson Apanteles vernaliter Wilkinson, 19320: 141; 193 26.: 338. Very distinct among the species with long ovipositor because of the punctation of the temples and the rather brightly coloured gaster. $. Scape yellow; flagellum paler towards base. Hind femur entirely yellow; hind tibia yellow throughout in type series but darkened at tip in a single female from the New Hebrides. Vertex between the posterior ocellus and the eye-margin, and the temples, sharply and very distinctly punctate, dull. Punctation of the mesoscutum like that of stantoni and allied species. Areolation of propo- deum sharp, distinct, the three posterior fields shining, almost polished. Tergite i sculptured right to apex; basal field of tergite (2 + 3) almost as rugose as tergite i. Ovipositor sheath a little longer than the hind tibia; ovipositor evenly curved throughout. Length: c. 2-2 mm., without ovipositor. JAVA: Buitenzorg (type locality). NEW HEBRIDES: i $, 1935, ex larva of Tortrix on cocoa tree (Risbec). 22 G. E. J. NIXON One of the more distinct species, characterized essentially by the punctation of the top of the head. In this synopsis, the only other species with pale-marked gaster is numenes but this species has the gaster mainly brilliant yellow. In vernaliter, the pale colour is a much less obvious feature. Apanteles parasae Rohwer (Text-fig. 2) Urogaster philippinensis Ashmead, 1904 : 19 (nee Apanteles philippinensis Ashmead, 1904 : 19), [Wilkinson, 1932 : 129]. Apanteles parasae Rohwer, 1922 : 129. Apanteles parasae Rohwer; Wilkinson, 1928 : 129. This is a poorly characterized species, most easily recognized by the long, but feebly differentiated, apical attenuation of the ovipositor (Text-fig. 2). In most of the series examined, the hind femur is infuscate but in one (MALAYSIA : Rambau, without host data) it is yellow throughout. JAVA : Buitenzorg (type locality of parasae) . PHILIPPINES : Manila (type locality of philippinensis). CEYLON. Type in the U.S. National Museum. Host. Setora nitens Walker (Limacodidae, in Malaysia). Limacodid sp. on Cinnamomum (Ceylon). Parasa lepida Cramer (Limacodidae, in Malaysia and Ceylon). Apanteles baoris Wilkinson (Text-figs. 13, 1 6) Apanteles baoris Wilkinson, 1930 : 280. One of the smaller species, about 1-5 mm. without ovipositor of female. The stigma tends to be pale but never so strikingly pellucid as in acron. Hind femur, apex of hind tibia and whole of hind tarsus infuscate. Mesoscutum somewhat shiny, its punctation not sharp, and the punctures on posterior half well separated. Wing (Text-fig. 13). Horizontal surface of tergite i polished and almost smooth. MALAYSIA: Perak Province (type locality). CEYLON. INDIA. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Parnara mathias Moore ; Parnara bada Moore (Hesperiidae) . A gregarious parasite with cocoons forming a narrow elongate mass, covered with rather loose silk. This species is essentially characterized by the shape of the first discoidal cell in combination with the thick ovipositor and its long, abrupt, apical attenuation (Text-fig. 1 6). Apanteles agilis Ashmead Pseudapanteles agilis Ashmead, 1905 : 969. Apanteles hidaridis Rohwer, 1922 : 54. [Wilkinson, 1928 : 131]. Apanteles agilis (Ashmead) Wilkinson, 1928 : 130. Close to baoris but larger and differing chiefly in the shape of the first discoidal cell. Mesoscutum more distinctly and more closely punctate than in baoris. Spurs ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 23 of hind tibia longer and of more powerful build. Ovipositor as in baoris (cf . Text-fig. 16). JAVA: Buitenzorg ($ paratype in B.M.). PHILIPPINES: Manila (type locality of agilis). SUMATRA: Padang (type locality of hidaridis}. Type in the U.S. National Museum. Host. Hidara irava Moore (Hesperiidae), recorded host of hidaridis. No host known for agilis. Apanteles acron sp. n. $. Scape entirely dark; flagellum yellowish brown on basal half, darkening towards apex. Wings milky hyaline. Hind femur weakly infuscate; hind tibia and hind tarsus entirely yellow, the tibia with faint, dark spot on inside at apex. Temples with the faint roughness common to most species of group. Antenna not longer than the body, rather short; preapical segment about one and a third times longer than wide. Mesoscutum with the punctation typical of the group. Spiracle of the propodeum separated from junction of costula and lateral, propodeal keel by about its longer diameter; the three posterior areas of the propodeum polished, almost smooth. Setae of the median cell colourless. Horizontal surface of tergite i very slightly longer than wide ; apical half of this surface with a microsculpture superimposed on faint, longitudinal striation; the apical part of this tergite has thus a satin-like sheen. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) about two thirds as long as the rest of the segment. Ovipositor more tapered to apex than in baoris and with a much less abrupt apical attenuation (cf. Text-fig. 16). c. 1-8 mm. without ovipositor of female a rather small species. MALAYSIA: Java (type locality). CEYLON. INDIA. N. CELEBES. CHINA. THAILAND. Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Cania bilinea Walker (Limacodidae) . Thosea cervina Moore; Thosea recta Hampson (Limacodidae). A gregarious parasite, spinning a tight mass of cocoons beneath the slug-like body of its host. The short, thin ovipositor is the most important feature of this otherwise poorly characterized species. ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 27 Apanteles expulsus Turner Apanteles expulsus Turner, 1918 : 346. Apanteles expulsus Turner; Wilkinson, 1928 : 125. Apanteles mendanae Wilkinson, 1928 : 126. Syn. n. The main differences between this species and caniae have been given in the key. The most important of them are the presence of a strong spine on the apical segment of the front tarsus of expulsus and the strikingly different ovipositor of this species. $. Wings virtually hyaline. Sculpture of posterior part of mesoscutum subtly distinctive, the surface between the punctures being slightly roughened. Hind wing as in caniae (cf. Text-fig. 10). All five panels of the propodeum tend to be highly polished and unsculptured. Length: <$ $, 2 mm. without ovipositor of female. FIJI (type locality of expulsus): several further series in the British Museum. SAMOAN Is.: one series in the British Museum. MARQUESAS Is. (type locality of mendanae} . Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Anticarsia irrorata Fab. (host of type series) (Phalaenidae) . Cosmophila (now Anomis) flava Fab. (Phalaenidae). No host known for type series of mendanae. This small species is fairly easily recognized on the combination of the well de- veloped spine on the front tarsus and the strongly rugose basal area of tergite (2 +3). Apanteles prodeniae Viereck (Text-fig. 20) Apanteles (Apanteles) prodeniae Viereck, 1912 : 139. Apanteles prodeniae Viereck; Wilkinson, 1928 : 127. ?. Hind femur yellow. Antenna rather short, not longer than the body; preapical segment about one and one third times longer than wide. Horizontal surface of tergite i fully as long as wide. INDIA: Mysore, Bangalore (type locality). SIAM. Type in the U.S. National Museum. A single "cotype" in the British Museum. Host. Prodenia litura Fab. (Phalaenidae). Euproctis fraterna Moore (Lyman- triidae) (two series from this host in B.M. (Nat. Hist.) from India, Coimbatore). The spine on the apical segment of the front tarsus is so poorly developed that, in comparison with the spine occurring in expulsus, it might be considered as virtually non-existent. This species is recognizable on the combination of very thick ovipositor (Text-fig. 20) and unsculptured apical surface of tergite i. Apanteles aluella sp. n. $. Scape more or less evenly brown. Hind femur yellow but with faint infuscation at apex above. Wings markedly brownish. Gaster brown, except for the black first tergite; the other tergites show a faint, darker band. Temples with obsolescent rugose-punctation. Antenna rather short, shorter than the body, the preapical segment being about one and one third times longer than wide. Punctation of mesoscutum typical of most of the species, uncharacteristic. Setae of the median cell dense, evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell. Inner spur of the 2 8 G. E. J. NIXON hind tibia fully half as long as the hind basitarsus; apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine. Dorsal surface of tergite i distinctly transverse, the surface very shiny and its sculpture fading out beyond middle. Basal area of tergite (2 + 3) almost smooth and about two thirds as long as the rest of the segment beyond it. Length: 2-4 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. INDONESIA: Sumatra, Pematang, Siantar, i6.ix.i932, ex larva of Belippa lohor (R. I. Net) B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes (?). Same data, 8 ?, i g. Host. Belippa (now Nemeta) lohor Moore (Limacodidae) . Distinct on account of long, thin ovipositor but close to caniae; caniae has the ovipositor and its sheaths much shorter than in aluella, among other differences. Apanteles orelia sp. n. (Text-fig. 26) $. Scape blackish. Venation proximal to the areolet weakly pigmented; stigma dark brown throughout; setae of the median cell dark. Hind femur infuscate. Temples with only weak punctation, but the surface with a distinct satin-like sheen. Antenna about as long as the body, with segment 16 about one and one third times longer than wide. Punctation of the mesoscutum characteristic in that the punctures are large and evenly spaced, and, on the disc at least, are separated by about half a diameter. Areolation of the propodeum very strongly denned in two of the four females (including type), with the three posterior fields polished and almost excavate ; in the other two females, the areola is filled with coarse rugae. Setae of the median cell rather long, sparse and widely absent along the medius side of the cell. Gaster (Text -fig. 26). Basal area of tergite (2 + 3) almost as strongly rugose as tergite i. Ovipositor slightly but evenly thickened towards base; without trace of an apical attenuation at a magnification of ( x 40) . Length: c. 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. FIJI: Viti Levu, Naduruloulou, 6.vi.i962, ex ? Agonoxena argaula (B. A. O'Connor) B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes. Same data, 3 $. Host. Probably Agonoxena argaula Meyrick (Agonoxenidae) . A single cocoon spun in a fold of a leaf -fragment suggests a solitary parasite. In general facies much like expulsus but differing from that species in the sculpture of the mesoscutum and the shape and length of the ovipositor. Apanteles mendosae Wilkinson Apanteles mendosae Wilkinson, 1929 : 113. Scape yellow except for darkened, apical rim. Hind femur yellow. The anterior brow of the mesoscutum shows on each side of the middle line an elongate, more shiny, less closely punctate area. First discoidal cell distinctly wider than high, 14 : n ; setae of the median cell long, rather sparse. Apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine. The smooth, almost unsculptured first tergite is distinctly widened towards apex. Length: c. 2-5 mm. without ovipositor. MALAYSIA: Kuala Lumpur (type locality). ON INDO-AUSTRALIAN APANTELES 29 Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Host. Dasychira mendosa Hiibner (Lymantriidae) . Rather easily recognized by the absence of a differentiated basal field on tergite (2 + 3) and the straight ovipositor. A similar ovipositor occurs in cato but in this species, the posterolateral field of the propodeum is not transverse. The sculpture of the anterior part of the mesoscutum is subtly distinctive but in no sense striking. Apanteles nydia sp. n. $. Except for the coxae, the legs are yellow virtually throughout; hind tibia faintly darkened at apex and the hind basitarsus with a dark streak beneath. Wings hyaline, the venation proxi- mal to the areolet colourless. Antenna a little shorter than the body; preapical segment about one and one third times longer than wide. Punctation of mesoscutum close but rather shallow over posterior half. Scutellum shining and almost impunctate. Hind spurs short, the inner one not reaching to middle of hind basi- tarsus. Setae of median cell sparse and widely absent along medius side of cell; hind wing rather broad, as in maro (cf. Text-fig, n). Horizontal surface of tergite i slightly transverse and with a weak, striate sculpture towards sides. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) fully three quarters as long as the rest of the segment, weakly striate and much narrowed towards sides as in orelia (cf. Text-fig. 26). Ovipositor thick, tapering, with an abrupt, apical attenuation that is slightly shorter than the fourth segment of the hind tarsus. Length: c. 3 mm. without ovipositor. Type $. INDIA: Dehra Dun, 17. xi. 1934, ex Selepa celtis (S. N. Chatter jee} B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes ($). Same data, but xi. 1934-!. 1935, 5 $, 2 ^; also 3 $, 2 . INDIA: Assam, Sibsagar dist., xi.igsi, ex larva of Eriboea arja, B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratype (?). Same data, 8 , I <$. Host. Eriboea arja Felder (Nymphalidae) . Apanteles aso sp. n. (Text-fig, i) $. This species is essentially characterized by the long, apical attenuation of the ovipositor (Text-fig, i). Scape infuscate. Hind femur infuscate. Setae of the median cell dark. Basal field of tergite (2 + 3) weakly sculptured or sometimes almost smooth. Apical segment of the front tarsus without a spine. Hypopygium well developed, heavily and evenly sclero- tized. Length: c. 2-5 mm. Type . INDIA: United Provinces, Mussoorie, Vincent Hill, bred I9.viii.i934 from Lasiocampid larva, B.M. (Nat. Hist.). Paratypes ($). Same data, 8 $, n , Kandy, 6.ii.ig23 (/. C. Hutson) (B.M. Nat. Hist.). Distribution. Only known from Ceylon. Hosts. Eterusia cingala Moore (Lepidoptera : Zygaenidae). All specimens listed above except for the one collected by Rutherford were reared from larvae of this zygaenid, but it should be noted that they each bear a label with the spelling Heterusia the name of a Neotropical geometrid genus. Mesnil's (ig5i : igi) reference to the type being from Heterusia cingala should read Eterusia cingala. This species is one of the rather uniform group in which the apices of the paralobes of the male hypopygium bear stubby black spinules, but it is readily distinguished from its relatives by the broader paralobes and (normally) by the complete absence of ocellar setae. P. laetifica is one of the several species confused by Baranov, and the specimens (listed above) collected by Hutson each bear an erroneous determina- tion label in Baranov's writing as " sturmia inconspicuoides Baranoff ". Palexorista inconspicuoides (Baranov, 1932) (Text-figs. 8, 30, 41, 58) Sturmia inconspicuoides Baranov, 1932 : 80. Lectotype <$, FORMOSA. In Deutsches Ento- mologisches Institut. [Examined] Drino (Prosturmia) inconspicuoides (Baranov) Mesnil, 1951 : 188. Palexorista inconspicuoides (Baranov) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. Lectotype Designation: Baranov described Sturmia inconspicuoides from an unstated number (" zahlreiche ") of male and female syntypes collected by Sauter on unspecified dates at Kankau and Sokutsu in Formosa. Twelve syntypes have been located; in the collections of the Deutsches Entomologisch.es Institut (4 <$, 4 $), ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 51 the United States National Museum (2 <, i $) and the British Museum (i g), each bearing an identification and a type label; one male in Deutsches Entomologisches Institut has been labelled and is here designated as LECTOTYPE. Three of the male paralectotypes in the D. Ent. Inst. collection lack the abdomen and three of the females are probably not conspecific with the lectotype. cJ. Head profile as in Text-fig. 8, frontal length about 1-22 times as great as facial length, antennal axis distinctly above ocular axis. Vertex 0-24-0-26 of head-width, upper frons narrow. Upper occiput with an irregular row of black setulae behind postocular row. Interfrontal area subequal in width to parafrontal or a little wider. Outer vertical setae undeveloped. Para- frontals dingy yellowish white to brassy yellow pollinose, not noticeably contrasting in colour with whitish or very pale yellowish pollinose face and parafacials. Parafacials rather narrow, at mid height about subequal in width to third antennal segment or slightly narrower, haired on about uppermost quarter. Antennae of medium length, third segment about 2-5-2-7 times as long as second segment and entirely blackish brown. Palpi brownish with tawny yellowish apices. Mesonotum with yellow pollinosity, giving species a distinctly yellowish appearance, occasionally pale greyish yellow. Tarsal claws long, longer than last tarsal segment. Ab- dominal ground colour mainly blackish brown but reddish laterally on T3, pollinosity pale yellowish or yellowish white with shifting appearance on intermediate tergites, dark hind margin of T4 occupying about one third of length of tergite. Dorsal hair of T4 in about six to eight series, discal setae of T5 moderately strong. Hair-patches of T4 venter large, similar to those of curvipalpis (Text-fig. 28). Genitalia: aedeagus of bifurcate type (Text-fig. 30); paralobes with apical spinules, in lateral view wider than mesolobes (Text-fig. 41), paralobe rather parallel- sided and not noticeably angulate near middle (cf . munda, Text-fig. 40) ; mesolobes in posterior view elongate and acuminate (Text-fig. 58). Length 8-n mm. $. Vertex 0-32 of head-width. Third antennal segment about 2-2 times as long as second segment. Interfrontal area distinctly wider than parafrontal. Dorsum of T4 with about six hair series. Material examined. Lectotype <$. FORMOSA: Kankau, Koshun, 7.viii.i9i2 (H. Sauter). Paralectotypes. FORMOSA: i $, Sokutsu, ix.igiz (H. Sauter) (B.M. Nat. Hist.); i d, i $, data as for lectotype (D. Ent. Inst.); 2 <$, Sokutsu, ix.i9i2 (H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.). Two female paralectotypes with the same data as the lectotype, and a female paralectotype from Kankau, ix.1912, have been examined from D. Ent. Inst. collection but are considered to be misidentified and not conspecific with the lecto- type. Distribution. The true Palexorista inconspicuoides (Baranov) is known only from Formosa and I have seen no material other than the original syntypes. It is possible that inconspicuoides occurs elsewhere in the Oriental Region, but there is no evidence as yet that it does so and I have found no specimens that are assignable to the true inconspicuoides among the large amount of Oriental material seen. The literature on agricultural and forest entomology in the Oriental Region con- tains records of Sturmia inconspicuoides Baranov from India (Beeson & Chatter] ee, 1935 ; Cherian, 1937; Cherian & Kylasam, 1939; Cherian & Anantanarayanan, 1941), Burma (Garth waite & Desai, 1939), Malaya (Corbett & Miller, 1933; Corbett, 1937), Indonesia (Tjien Mo, 1939), Queensland (Bell, 1936, 1937, 1938), and Solomon Islands (Lever, 1935) but these records are based on misidentifications made by ENTOM. 21, 2. 3 52 R. W. CROSSKEY Baranov (who identified Oriental Tachinidae for the Imperial Institute of Entomology between 1932 and 1940) : the British Museum collection contains specimens of five species (subanajama, lucagus, laetifica, ophirica and curvipalpis) misidentified by Baranov as inconspicuoides , most being part of the material on which the foregoing erroneous records were based. Baranov's (1934^, 1936) published records of incon- spicuoides from New Britain, Fiji and the Solomon Islands are due to misidentifica- tion. Hosts. Unknown. All the host records for Sturmia inconspicuoides appearing in the literature (these are detailed in the later section on host records) are either erroneous or very suspect because of misidentification of the tachinid parasites involved. As noted above, Baranov confused at least five species under the name inconspicuoides and the published host records for this species are based on identifica- tions made by Baranov for the Imperial Institute of Entomology. P. inconspicuoides is one of the complex of species in which the aedeagus is of the bifurcate type and the paralobes of the male hypopygium bear apical spinules. It is most closely related to P. munda (Wiedemann), from southern India, but should probably be regarded as a distinct species because of the differently shaped paralobes, the presence of a row of black setulae on the upper occiput (absent in munda}, the narrower parafacials, and differences in the pollinosity. Mesnil (1949 : 19) placed the name inconspicuoides in synonymy with Drino [Prosturmia] prof ana (Townsend), but this synonymy was wrongly established; examination of the type-material of prof ana shows that it belongs to another species (see solennis Walker). Mesnil (1951 : 188) was himself later doubtful of the synonymy and treated inconspicuoides as valid, then indicating prof ana as only doubtfully the same. Palexorista munda (Wiedemann, 1830) (Text-figs. 7, 40, 57) Tachina munda Wiedemann, 1830 : 234. Holotype $, INDIA. In Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen. [Examined] Drino (Prosturmia) munda (Wiedemann) Crosskey, 1963 : 80. Palexorista munda (Wiedemann) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. cj. Head profile as in Text-fig. 7, frontal length about 1-12 times as great as facial length, antennal axis conspicuously above ocular axis. Vertex 0-25-0-27 of head-width, upper frons rather narrow. Upper occiput without black setulae behind postocular row. Interfrontal area equal in width to parafrontal. Paraf rentals very pale greyish yellow pollinose and not contrasting in colour with creamy whitish pollinose face and parafacials. Parafacials about equal in width to, or slightly wider than, third antennal segment, haired on about uppermost third or two-fifths. Antennae of medium length, third segment 2-4-2-6 times as long as second segment and entirely blackish brown. Palpi dark brown basally and tawny yellowish at tips. Mesonotum pale grey or slightly yellowish grey pollinose, species appearing greyish and not at all yellowish to naked eye. Tarsal claws long. Abdomen mainly dark, only indistinctly reddish brown in ground colour basally, with pale greyish yellow pollinosity, intermediate tergites broadly dark posteriorly, about posterior quarter of T4 black, pollinosity of intermediate tergites with slightly shifting appearance. Dorsal hair of T4 in about seven or eight series ; discal setae of T5 moderately strong. Hair-patches of T4 venter large, similar to those of curvipalpis (Text-fig. 28). Genitalia: aedeagus of bifurcate type and exactly similar to that of incon- ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 53 spicuoides (Text-fig. 30) ; paralobes and mesolobes in lateral view as in Text-fig. 40, paralobes slightly angled and tapering on distal half, with apical spinules ; mesolobes in posterior view as in Text-fig. 57. Length about 8-5-10 mm. $. Vertex 0-30-0-32 of head-width. Third antennal segment 2-0-2-4 times as long as second segment. Interfrontal area at narrowest distinctly narrower than parafrontal. Parafacial hair on as much as upper half. Dorsal hair of T4 in about six or seven series. [Detailed des- cription of $ holotype in Crosskey (1963).] Material examined. Holotype $. SOUTH INDIA: Tranquebar (no other data). Other material. SOUTH INDIA: 2 <, i $, Coimbatore, ex Hippotion, 15.1.1917 (B.M. Nat. Hist.); I , Japen Island, camp 2, Mt. Eiori, 2,000 ft., xi.i938 (L. E. Cheesman); i <$, Waigeu, Camp Nok, 2,500 ft., iv.i938 (L. E. Chees- man); i $, Papua, Ishurava, 3,000 ft., vii.1933 (L. E. Cheesman); i <$, 2 $, Papua, Northern District, Moale Plantation, ix.ig65 (7". Bourke); i $, Papua, Popondetta, Girua Plantation, 4^.1966 (r. V. Bourke); i $, Papua, Central District, Gaile Forest, 28 m. S.E. of Port Moresby, 5. v. 1965 (R. W. Crosskey); 3 <, Papua, Central District, Musgrave River, n.v.1965 (R. W. Crosskey); i $, Papua, Central District, Musgrave River, 18^11.1965 (R. W. Crosskey); 5 <, 4 $, Papua, Central District, Kapogere, 60 m. S.E. of Port Moresby, 3 .v. 1965 (R. W. Crosskey) ; 92 <$, 6 $, Morobe District, Wau, 3,500-4,000 ft., 14-23^.1965 (R. W. Crosskey); 12 <$, Morobe Dis- trict, Nami Creek nr. Wau, 5,500 ft., 22-23^.1965 (R. W. Crosskey); 4 <, Morobe District, Lae area, Busu River Forest, 17. vi. 1965 (R. W. Crosskey); i <$, Morobe District, Bubia, 9 m. W. of Lae, 19 . vi . 1965 (R. W. Crosskey) ; 3 <$, 2 $, Eastern High- lands, Goroka, 26-30^.1965 (R. W. Crosskey); 4 <$, Eastern Highlands, 7 m. S.E. of Goroka, 26-27. v. 1965 C^- W . Crosskey) ; 2 <$, 2 $, Eastern Highlands, Fore, 30 m. S.E. of Goroka, 25^.1965 (R. W. Crosskey); 23 , Saipan, Char. Kn., 20.viii.i944 (D. G. Hall] (U.S. Nat. Mus. except one male in B.M. Nat. Hist.); 3 $, Saipan, crops, 15 . x . 1945 (D. G. Hall) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Saipan, 28 . viii . 1951 (R. M. Bohart) (Bishop Mus.); i $, Saipan, As Mahetog area, at light, 5^.1945 (H. S. Dybas) (Bishop Mus.); i <$, Saipan, 1-2 m. E. of Tanapag, i6.iv.i945 (H. S. Dybas) (Bishop Mus.); i $, Rota L, 29.vii.i925 (Hornbastel) (Bishop Mus.); i $, Rota, i8.vi.i95i (R. M. Bohart) (Bishop Mus.); 3 <, 4 $, Agrihan L, 26.vii.i95i (R. M. Bohart) (Bishop Mus.) ; i $ with puparium,Tenian I. (=Tinian), i .iii . 1946 (F. C. Hadden) Bishop Mus.) ; 5 <, Tenian I. (=Tinian), at light, 6. iii. 1946 (F. C. Hadden) (Bishop Mus. except one male B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 3 $, Guam, Talofafo, 28.iv. 1946 (AT". L. H. Krauss) (Bishop. Mus.); i $, Guam, Pt. Oca, i.vi.i945 (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $ with puparium, Guam, Agana, ex sulphur butterfly pupa, n . ix . 1936 (0. H. Swezey) (Bishop Mus.); i $, Guam, Agana, 7^.1945 (G. E. Bohart &J. L. Gressitt) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; I <$ with puparium, Guam, Piti, ex pago leafroller, 30 . xi . 1936 (0. H. Swezey) (Bishop Mus.) ; i $, Guam, Tijan, 2 . iv . 1936 (E. H. Bryan) (Bishop Mus.); i $, Guam, Yigo, 8.xi.i936 (0. H. Swezey) (Bishop Mus.); i $ with puparium, Guam, Machanao, ex Enchocnemidia vertumnalis, 4^.1936 (0. H. Swezey) . The above-listed material is in British Museum (Natural History) except where otherwise stated. Distribution. P. solennis is the most widely distributed species of Palexorista in the Oriental Region and in western Australasia. In Australia itself it is known from Queensland but not from areas further south, and in the Pacific islands occurs at least as far east as Tonga (type-locality of the synonym imperfecta). The species may occur in Fiji, but material seen from here (in British Museum collection), although very like solennis, differs in having the hair-patches of the male abdomen slightly larger and the tergite without normal hairing basad of the patches and in lacking black setulae behind the postocular row: the Fiji material may therefore belong to a distinct species, and at present the Fiji Islands represent a break in the confirmed distribution of solennis (to the west of Fiji solennis occurs in the New Hebrides and Loyalty Islands). No material of solennis has been seen from China during the present revision, but Mesnil (1949 : 24) has described a variety (sinensis) of Drino (Prosturmia) inconspicuella (=Palexorista solennis) from Shanghai which is probably conspecific with solennis and the range of P. solennis in the Oriental Region almost certainly includes southern China, and includes Formosa (the type-locality of inconspicuella). P. solennis is almost certainly common throughout Indonesia, ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 61 although material has been seen only from Aru Islands and the major western islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) ; Franssen (1935) has recorded the species (under the name inconspicuella} from Celebes, this record almost certainly being based on a correct identification. Hosts. Reared material of P. solennis, the commonest Oriental species of Palexor- ista, has been seen from the following lepidopterous hosts: Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller (Pyralidae : Pyraustinae) from Ceylon and Java; Enchocnemidia vertumnalis (Guenee) (Pyralidae : Pyraustinae) from Guam; Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibner) (Pyra- lidae : Pyraustinae) from Indonesian New Guinea; Homona sp. (Tortricidae) from Indonesian New Guinea; Cosmophila sp. (Noctuidae) from India; Hyblaea puera (Cramer) (Noctuidae) from India and Burma; and Amathmia phidippus (Linnaeus) (Amathusiidae) from Malaya. Wulp (1893) recorded that the type-material of discrete* (= solennis) was reared from Godara comalis (Guenee) ; this name is synony- mous with Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller. The specimen of P. solennis listed above as reared from Amathusia phidippus (L.) in Malaya was misidentified when first collected as the European species P. incon- spicua (Meigen), and is the basis of the erroneous records of Corbett & Miller (1928, 1933) of inconspicua as a parasite of this host. The host records for Sturmia inconspicuella (=Palexorista solennis) in the economic literature for which material has not been seen fall into two groups, those that are almost certainly valid and based on correct determination of the tachinid parasite and those that are suspect through probable misidentification : the host records of Agrotis (as Rhyacia) ipsilon (Hufnagel) in Celebes by Franssen (1935), of Acan- tholeucania (as Cirphis) loreyi (Duponchel) in Queensland by Bell (1939), oiPyrausta (as Hapalia} machoeralis (Walker) in India by Beeson & Chatter] ee (1935), of Mar- garonia laticostalis (Guenee) in India by Beeson & Chatterjee (1935) and oiSpodoptera mauritia (Boisduval) in India by Beeson & Chatterjee (1935) are probably all correct; those of Telicota palmarum Moore (=Cephrenes augiades (Felder)) in Malaya by Corbett & Miller (1933) and of Spodoptera (as Prodenia) litura (Fab.) in Fiji by Lever (1943) are suspect. P. solennis is one of the most distinctive species in the Oriental Region, at once distinguishable in the male from other species of Palexorista by the exceptionally small hair-patches of T4 and the presence of normal tergite hairing basad of the patches ; apart from P. laxa, this species is the only one with bifurcate aedeagus in the Oriental Region in which the paralobes lack apical spinules. The absence of spinules from the paralobes assists in distinguishing solennis from P. subanajama (Townsend) and P. aequalis (Malloch) , both of which have a close superficial resem- blance except for the larger hair-patches; P. aequalis (Malloch) from Samoa is not discussed in the present paper as it does not occur in the Oriental Region, but Text-fig. 39 shows the hypopygium of aequalis for comparison with that of solennis (the shape of the paralobes and mesolobes is very similar but the former show the conspicuous spinules in aequalis}. Mesnil (1949, 1951) suggested the possibility that P. subanajama was a synonym of inconspicuella = discreta (both here synony- mized with solennis}, but examination of the lectotype of subanajama shows that the species are quite distinct. 62 R. W. CROSSKEY Mesnil (1949) described Drino (Prosturmia) inconspicuella var. sinensis from China, later (Mesnil, 1951) citing it as a variety of discreta (senior synonym of inconspicuella) : no material has been seen of var. sinensis, but the exceptionally small male abdominal hair-patches mentioned in the description suggest that it is not specifically distinct from solennis. It should be noted that in my earlier paper (Crosskey, 1966) on Palexorista I inadvertently cited the type-locality of imperfecta (described by Malloch in Insects of Samoa) as Samoa ; Tonga is the correct locality. Palexorista laxa (Curran, 1927) (Text-figs, n, 29, 61) Sturmia laxa Curran, 1927 : 335. Holotype <$, TANZANIA. In British Museum (Natural History), London. [Examined] Palexorista laxa (Curran) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. . INDIA: S. Coorg, Tithimatti, par. on Geo- metridae, 14. x. 1940 (B. M. Bhatia] (B.M. Nat. Hist.). 66 R. W. CROSSKEY 14 15 16 19 17 18 20 21 22 FIGS. 14-22. Outline head profile of male of: 14, P. ophirica, paralectotype ; 15, P. curvi- palpis, lectotype; 16, P. deducens, lectotype; 17, P. immersa, from paralectotype of latiforceps ; 18, P. summaria, paralectotype; 19, P. painei, lectotype; 20, P. parachrysops ; 21, P. sororcula, holotype; 22, P. bancrofti, holotype. ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 67 Distribution. Known only from southern India. Hosts. The type-material was reared from the larva of an unidentified species of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) . The loss of the holotype and the absence of other male specimens make it impossible to determine the affinities of P. dilaticornis ; there is a superficial resemblance of the female to P. immersa (Walker) and Mesnil (1951 : 159) runs dilaticornis out in the same key-couplet as latiforceps Baranov (of which immersa is senior synonym). It is not impossible that dilaticornis is the same as P. summaria (Townsend), of which the female has not been seen but the male of which has rather small rounded ab- dominal hair-patches fitting Mesnil's description of dilaticornis; on the other hand, the ocular axis being well below the antennal axis suggests affinity with forms having the bifurcate type of aedeagus. Palexorista bisetosa (Baranov, 1932) (Text-fig. 13) Sturmia bisetosa Baranov, 1932 : 75. Holotype $, FORMOSA. In Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. [Examined] Drino (Prosturmia) bisetosa (Baranov) Mesnil, 1949 : 21. Palexorista bisetosa (Baranov) Crosskey, 1966 : 135. $ [holotype]. Head profile as in Text-fig. 13, frontal length about 1-27 times as great as facial length, antennal axis almost level with ocular axis. Vertex 0-31 of head-width. Upper occiput with a row of black setulae behind postocular row. Interfrontal area slightly wider than parafrontal. Outer vertical setae strongly developed [setae themselves missing on holotype but large pores conspicuous]. Parafrontals yellowish white, colour not noticeably contrasting with creamy whitish pollinose face and parafacials. Parafacials very slightly wider than third antennal segment, with only very few small hairs on about uppermost quarter. Antennae short, third segment 2-3 times as long as second segment and entirely blackish brown. Palpi mostly dark brown, only tawny yellowish on tips. Mesonotum rather greased in holotype but pollinosity apparently mostly pale greyish with little or no trace of a yellow tinge. Tarsal claws very short, much shorter than fifth tarsal segment. Abdomen with mainly dark ground colour but with pale reddish tinge antero-laterally, pollinosity very pale greyish yellow, T4 dark on about posterior quarter. Dorsal hair of T4 in about six series ; discal setae of T5 strong. Hair-patches of venter of T4 very large, each occupying almost three-quarters of width of one side of T4 venter. [Genitalia missing from holotype : see discussion]. Length 8-2 mm. . Unknown. Material examined. Holotype <. FORMOSA: Sokutsu, ix.i9i2 (H. Sauter}. Distribution. Known only from Formosa. Hosts. Unknown. P. bisetosa is still known only from the male holotype, the genitalia of which appear to be lost: they were probably slide-mounted by Baranov, following his normal practice, but the slide cannot now be found in the collection of the Deutsches Ento- mologisches Institut or in the Baranov collection now at U.S. National Museum. From Baranov's (1932) figure of the lateral view of the hypopygium it is clear that the aedeagus of bisetosa is of the non-bifurcate type and that the paralobes and meso- lobes in profile are long, slender and pointed: the figure suggests a similarity to P. curvipalpis (Wulp), and it is probable that P. bisetosa is more closely related to ENTOM. 21, 2. 4 68 R. W. CROSSKEY this species than to others of the genus (it resembles curvipalpis also in the short antennae and rather wide frons). The presence of strong outer vertical setae distinguishes bisetosa (presuming this character of the holotype holds generally for the species) from all other Oriental species of Palexorista, and together with the very short male claws, makes bisetosa a distinctive species. Palexorista curvipalpis (Wulp, 1893) (Text-figs. 15, 28, 46, 63) Crossocosmia curvipalpis Wulp, 1893 : 162. Lectotype , Santa Cruz group, Utupua Island, vi.i933 (R. J. A. W. Lever}. QUEENSLAND: i <$, Biloela, 1.111.1932, on Sphingid (D. 0. Atherton); I <, North Queensland, Stannary Hills, c. 3,000 ft. (T. L. Bancroft}; n ^, 2 $, no locality, 11.1903. All foregoing material in British Museum (Natural History) except where otherwise indicated. Distribution. Evidently a widespread species from Ceylon through south-east Asia to New Guinea, Queensland and the Solomon Islands and probably commoner than the few records suggest. Hosts. P. curvipalpis has been reared from Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus) (Lepi- yo R. W. CROSSKEY doptera : Sphingidae) in New Britain and from unidentified Sphingids in Ceylon and Queensland; one specimen has been seen bred from Suana concolor (Walker) (Lepidoptera : Lasiocampidae) in Ceylon. Wulp (1893), in the original description of Crossocosmia curvipalpis, recorded the host of the type-material as Hypaetra remosa Hbn. : Lepidoptera specialists in British Museum (Natural History) have been unable to trace a remosa of Huebner under this or a similar spelling, and the identity of the host recorded by Wulp is enigmatic. 23 24 25 26 27 28 FIGS. 23-28. Showing hair-patch of one side of venter of T4 in male of: 23, P. solennis; 24, P. lucagus; 25, P. parachrysops ; 26, P. summaria; 27, P. painei; 28, P. curvipalpis. Ordinary hairing of tergite and bases of marginal setae omitted in figs. 24-27. Hair-patch in male of species not illustrated is generally similar to that of curvipalpis 28, or slightly larger. Mesnil (1951 : 162) suggested the possible synonymy of curvipalpis with Drino argenticeps (Macquart), but present examination of the lectotype of curvipalpis does not confirm this; curvipalpis is without doubt an older name for unisetosa Baranov and a valid species of Palexorista Townsend. Palexorista ophirica (Walker, 1857) (Text-figs. 14, 47, 64) Tachina ophirica Walker, 1857 : 19. Lectotype $, MALAYA. In British Museum (Natural His- tory), London. [Examined] Blepharipoda ophirica (Walker) Austen, 1907 : 340. Palexorista ophirica (Walker) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. Lectotype Designation: the type-material is male, not female as stated in error ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 71 by Walker, and consists of two conspecific male syntypes from Mt. Ophir. One of the syntypes has been labelled and is here designated as LECTOTYPE. , Papua, Kokoda, 1,200 ft., vii-x.igss (L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i g, Morobe District, Wau, 3,500-4,000 ft., i8.v.ig65 (R. W. Crosskey) (B. M. Nat. Hist.). FORMOSA: i $, Kankau, Koshun, 7.viii.i9i2 (H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.: misidentified syntype of inconspicuoides) . In addition to the foregoing one female probably belonging to this species : NEW BRITAIN: Keravat, i.vii.ig65 (R. W. Crosskey) (B.M. Nat. Hist.). 74 R. W. CROSSKEY Distribution. Known only from above-listed material from Formosa, Celebes and the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Hosts. Unknown. This is a distinctive species, easily recognized in the male by the short and very broad paralobes and mesolobes (to which Baranov's name latiforceps refers), a character shared only with P. summaria which may not be specifically distinct (see under discussion of that species). Austen (1907 : 340) synonymized immersa Walker with ophirica Walker, but examination of the type-material (including the male genitalia) for the present revision has shown that this synonymy was wrongly established. Palexorista summaria (Townsend, 1927) (Text-figs. 18, 26, 33, 50, 66) Sumatrodoria summaria Townsend, 1927 : 64. Lectotype $ [see note below], SUMATRA. Possibly lost [male paralectotypes examined]. Palexorista summaria (Townsend) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. Nomenclatural note: Sumatrodoria summaria was originally described from four male syntypes and one female syntype, all from Fort de Kock, Sumatra. In later treatment of the genus Sumatrodoria Townsend, of which summaria is type-species, Townsend (1941, Man. Myiol. 11 : 201) cited " Ht [=holotype] female, At male " and mentioned male paratypes in Washington and Leiden. As the type-series contained only a single female, Townsend (1941) provides a nomenclaturally valid restriction of the name to a single specimen and the female must be accepted as lectotype by restriction of Townsend. This is unfortunate, since the female lecto- type cannot now be found in Amsterdam Museum and in any case the female sex carries no satisfactory specific characters. One of the male paralectotypes is in the Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam and one in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, and the following description is based on these specimens. I have been unable to trace the whereabouts of the female lectotype, which must be considered possibly lost. (J. Head profile as in Text-fig. 18, frontal length about 1-25 times as great as facial length, antennal axis only very slightly above ocular axis. Vertex 0-31 of head-width, upper frons rather broad. Upper occiput with a sparse row of black setulae behind postocular row. Inter- frontal area subequal in width to a parafrontal. Outer vertical setae undeveloped. Para- frontals greyish white pollinose and not contrasting in colour with white pollinose face and parafacials. Parafacial at mid height about as wide as third segment of antenna, with sparse long hair on about uppermost quarter. Antennae long, third segment about 3-3 times as long as second segment and entirely blackish brown. Palpi dark brown, tips slightly paler. Meso- notum with pale greyish pollinosity, trace of yellowish brown pollinosity near scutal vittae. Tarsal claws long, slightly longer than last tarsal segment. Abdomen with mainly dark ground colour, reddish brown laterally on T$, pollinosity whitish with slight shifting appearance, to naked eye T3 mainly dark with pollinosity confined narrowly to anterior border, T4 pollinose on about basal half with posterior half blackish. Dorsal hair of T4 in about nine or ten series; discal setae of T5 numerous, short and strong. Hair-patches of T4 venter unusually small (Text-fig. 26), less than half as wide as half-tergite venter and very compact. Genitalia: aedea- gus of non-bifurcate type, as in Text-fig. 33 ; paralobes and mesolobes short and very broad in ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 75 37 38 39 42 4O 41 43 44 45 FIGS. 37-45. Paralobes and mesolobes of male hypopygium in profile of : 37, P. subanajama lectotype; 38, P. lucagus; 39, P. aequalis; 40, P. munda; 41, P. inconspicuoides , para- lectotype; 42, P. laetifica; 43, P. solennis, from lectotype of discreta; 44, P. laxa; 45, P. reclinata, paratype. 76 R. W. CROSSKEY lateral view (Text-fig. 50), paralobes without spinules; mesolobes subtruncate in posterior view (Text-fig. 66). Length about 9 mm. . Characters not known, probably not distinguishable from that of immersa [female lecto- type not seen, whereabouts unknown, no other female material available and no characters of value mentioned in very brief original description of Townsend]. Material examined. Paralectotypes. 2 $, SUMATRA: Fort de Kock, 920 m., 1925 and 1926 (E. Jacobson) (U.S. Nat. Mus. & Zool. Mus. Amsterdam). Distribution. Known only from the type-series from Sumatra. Hosts. Unknown. Palexorista summaria is very closely allied to P. immersa (Walker) and there is a strong similarity in the unusually short and broad paralobes and mesolobes: it is possible that summaria is not specifically distinct from immersa, but I maintain it as a separate species at present because of the slightly wider male frons, the conspicuously smaller and more compact abdominal hair-patches and minor differences in the shape of the mesolobes in posterior view. Baranov (19340) synonymized summaria with Drino (Zygobothria) atropivora (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) and the synonymy following Baranov was later recorded by Mesnil (1949 : 12, 1951 : 168). The type-material of summaria shows very small ocellar setae and hairing on the upper part of the parafacials (characters of Palexorista}, and the synonymy of summaria with atropivora established by Baranov is incorrect (atropivora is a true Zygobothria in which the ocellar setae are strong and the parafacials wholly bare). Palexorista deducens (Walker, 1860) (Text-figs. 16, 35, 48, 71) Eurygaster deducens Walker, 1860 : 127. Lectotype <$, CELEBES. In British Museum (Natural History), London. [Examined] Exorista deducens (Walker) Wulp, 1896 : 130. Palexorista deducens (Walker) Crosskey, 1966 : 135. Lectotype Designation : the type-material of deducens is male, not female as stated in error by Walker, and consists of two conspecific male syntypes from Macassar, one of which has been labelled and is here designated as LECTOTYPE. $. Head profile as in Text-fig. 16, frontal length about 1-23 times as great as facial length, antennal and ocular axes coincident. Vertex 0-23-0-25 of head-width, upper frons narrower than usual. Upper occiput with a row of black setulae behind postocular row, irregular and sometimes sparse. Interfrontal area slightly narrower than a parafrontal. Outer vertical setae un- developed. Parafrontals yellow pollinose and slightly contrasting with yellowish white pollinose face and parafacials in type-material from Celebes, paraf rentals pale greyish and not contrasting with whitish pollinose facial regions in specimens seen from Buru. Facial region rather flat and in facial view more widely diverging towards vibrissae than in most species. Parafacials slightly narrower than or subequal in width to third antennal segment, conspicuously haired on uppermost third or on upper half (as in lectotype). Antennae very short, third segment 2-1-2-2 times as long as second segment and entirely blackish brown. Palpi brown with yellowish apices. Mesonotum pale yellow grey or greyish pollinose in material seen from Buru, pale golden pollinose in type-material, scutum of lectotype with traces of golden brown pollinosity ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 77 47 48 46 51 49 SO 52 53 54 FIGS. 46-54. Paralobes and mesolobes of male hypopygium in profile of: 46, P. curvi- palpis, lectotype; 47, P. ophirica, paralectotype ; 48, P. deducens, lectotype; 49, P. immersa, from paralectotype of latiforceps ; 50, P. summaria, paralectotype ; 5 1 , P. painei ; 52, P. parachryscps ; 53, P. sororcula, holotype; 54, P. bancrofti, holotype. 78 R. W. CROSSKEY around sublateral pair of scutal vittae. Tarsal claws long. Abdomen with dark ground colour, trace of reddish ground colour laterally on T3 in Buru specimens, pollinosity whitish in Buru specimens and pale yellow in type-material, only a weak shifting appearance, pollinosity of T4 on about basal half or three-fifths so that hind margin is broadly black. Dorsal hair of T4 in about seven or eight series, discal setae of T5 moderately strong. Hair-patches of Tq. venter large, similar to those of curvipalpis (Text -fig. 28) or slightly smaller. Genitalia: aedeagus of non-bifurcate type (Text-fig. 35) ; paralobes without spinules, mesolobes short and with charac- teristic curvature in lateral view (Text-fig. 48) ; mesolobes in posterior view with bluntly and evenly rounded tips (Text-fig. 71). Length about 8 mm. $. Unknown. Puparium: posterior spiracles on unusually large trifid bosses, spiracular slits long and very strongly serpentine, surface hairs of puparium short and dense and not at all spiniform. Material examined. Lectotype <$. CELEBES: nr Macassar, 1857-58 (A. R. Wallace) . Paralectotype <. Data as for lectotype (B.M. Nat. Hist.). Other material. BURU: 2 <$, Station i, 1921 (L. J. Toxopeus) (B.M. Nat. Hist.). Distribution. Known only from above-listed material from Celebes and Buru in eastern Indonesia. Hosts. Unknown. The specimens from Buru have the associated puparia and are therefore reared material but there is no host information on the data labels. Palexorista deducens is a distinctive species easily recognized by the form of the mesolobes of the male hypopygium and by the distinctive puparium in which the posterior spiracular slits are very stongly serpentine (this character may possibly be found to occur in other species for which the puparium is at present unknown, but deducens is the only species of Palexorista known to me at this time to possess this character). Palexorista parachrysops (Bezzi, 1925) (Text-figs. 20, 25, 52, 68) Sturmia parachrysops Bezzi, 1925 : 114. Lectotype <$, MALAYA. In British Museum (Natural History), London. [Examined] Drino (Prosturmia) parachrysops (Bezzi) Mesnil, 1951 : 194. Palexorista parachrysops (Bezzi) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. Lectotype Designation: this species was described from four specimens, referred to by Bezzi as type $, type <, and as two additional specimens with sex not stated. The syntypes with stated sex are both in British Museum and the male has been labelled and is here designated as LECTOTYPE : the whereabouts of the other two syntypes is not known. It should be noted that the male lectotype and the female paralectotype are both labelled with the name and sex in Bezzi's writing and that the female lacks the abdomen. <$. Head profile as in Text-fig. 20, frontal length about 1-22 times as great as facial length, antennal axis only slightly above ocular axis. Vertex o-3o-O'3i of head-width. Frons with fewer pairs of frontal setae than usual, only about five or six pairs (sometimes with tendency to be in doubled rows), uppermost pair of frontals sometimes directed slightly backwards. Upper occiput without black setulae behind postocular row. Interfrontal area usually more reddish or orange than in other species, exceptionally narrow and at narrowest but little or not more than ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 79 half as wide as parafrontal at widest. Outer vertical setae undeveloped. Parafrontals pale yellow to golden orange pollinose near the interfrontal area, especially near ocelli, yellowish colour usually mainly along rows of frontal setae, the pollinosity more silvery or creamy white towards the eyes; face and parafacials white pollinose. Parafacials broad, conspicuously wider than third antennal segment; parafacial hair very sparse and inconspicuous, at most on uppermost quarter and sometimes only a single hair or perhaps two immediately below lowest frontal seta. Antennae of medium length, third segment 2-7-2-8 times as long as second seg- ment, the latter rather reddish; third segment extensively yellowish orange basally and along inner edge, otherwise brown. Palpi entirely yellow. Mesonotum with pale greyish yellow pollinosity. Tarsal claws of intermediate length, subequal to last tarsal segment (distinctly longer than in painei or sororcula but shorter than in most species) . Abdomen slightly elongate and tapering, ground colour extensively reddish yellow, blackish medially on T3 and on hind margins of intermediate tergites, pollinosity pale yellowish white and on T4 covering most of tergite (only extreme hind border of T4 narrowly dark brown or blackish). Dorsal abdominal hair rather long and strong but unusually sparse, hair of T4 in only three or four or at most five series ; median marginal setae of T3 unusually long and strong, discal setae of T$ few and strong. Hair-patches of T4 venter very large and loose (Text-fig. 25), at least two-thirds as wide as half- tergite, apices of the hairs overlapping end of tergite. Genitalia: aedeagus of non-bifurcate type, very similar to that of painei (Text-fig. 36) ; paralobes without spinules, in lateral view slender and much narrower than the broad tapering mesolobes (Text-fig. 52) ; mesolobes in posterior view (Text-fig. 68) with bluntly rounded tips, slit between the free apices much shorter than fused basal part. Small species, length 5-5-7-0 mm., lectotype 6-3 mm. $. Vertex 0-31-0-33 of head-width. Third antennal segment 2-4-2-7 times as long as second segment. Head in facial view unusual, inner margins of eyes distinctly concave so that facial region between eyes bows outwards and is widest at about level of end of second antennal seg- ment (Text-fig. 76), facial region thence narrowing slightly towards vibrissae. Interfrontal area very narrow, only half as wide as parafrontal or even less. Parafrontals mainly clear pale yellow to deep golden pollinose, only whitish pollinose at extreme lower ends (usually with whitish pollinosity extending slightly upwards along eye margin). Third antennal segment sometimes largely orange, only brownish apically and along fore border; second antennal segment usually reddish. Dorsal hair of T4 in only about four series. Pollinosity of mesonotum and abdomen sometimes golden-yellow in African specimens. Puparium: each part of the trifid boss of posterior spiracles well separated, spiracular slits almost straight, surface hairs moderately long and not thorn-like. Material examined. Lectotype <. MALAYA: Kuala Lumpur, par. on Psara bipunctalis, 20. 1.1923 (G. H. Corbett & B. A. R. Gater). Paralectotype $. Data as for lectotype (B.M. Nat. Hist.). Other material. MALAYA: i $ with puparium, Kuala Lumpur, parasite of Psara sp. (G. H. Corbett). INDIA: i $, Central Provinces, Hoshangabad, Rahatgaon, par. on Hapalia machaeralis larva, 9 . viii . 1926 (S. N. Chatter jee] ; 2 J, South India, Samasetti, Palayam, par. on Eublemma sp., 11.1924 (C. K. S.). CEYLON: 2 ^, i $, Trincomali, 5 & 20.vii.i890 (Yerbury); i $, Suduganga, 30.^.1919 (R. Senior White}. KENYA: i $, Naivasha, iv.i_94o (H. J. A. Turner). GHANA: 1^,1$, Kumasi, 27.x. and 24. xi. 1946 (/. Bowden). MALI: i $, French Sudan, ex pupae of Lepidoptera (R. Dugast). SENEGAL : i <$, Bambey, ex Etiella zinckenella, 22.xii. 1942 (/. Risbec); i $, Bambey, ex Limacodid, 5.1.1943 (/. Risbec); i $, Bambey (/. Risbec). All above-listed material in British Museum (Natural History). Distribution. Palexorista parachrysops occurs from West Africa to Malaya, but records are few, and the species is not yet known from anywhere between Kenya 8o R. W. CROSSKEY 55 56 57 58 59 6O 61 62 63 64 65 66 FIGS. 55-66. Mesolobes of male hypopygium in posterior view of: 55, P. subanajama, lectotype; 56, P. lucagus; 57, P. munda; 58, P. inconspicuoides , paralectotype ; 59, P. laetifica; 60, P. solennis, from lectotype of discreta; 61, P. laxa; 62, P. reclinata, paratype; 63, P. curvipalpis, lectotype; 64, P. ophirica, paralectotype; 65, P. immersa, from paralectotype of latiforceps; 66, P. summaria, paralectotype. ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 81 and India. Despite the discontinuity, there is no doubt that African material is conspecific with the type-material from Malaya : the male genitalia of West African specimens agree completely with those of Oriental material, and all other distinctive characters agree also. Hosts. The hosts of P. parachrysops so far known are all lepidopterous and include an unidentified Limacodid in Senegal, an unidentified species of Eublemma (Noctuidae) in southern India, and the following Pyralidae: Psara bipunctalis (Fabricius) and Pyrausta machoeralis (Walker) in the Pyraustinae from Malaya and India respectively, and Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) in the Phycitinae in Senegal. P. parachrysops has been correctly recorded in the literature as a parasite on Psara bipunctalis by Bezzi (1925) in the original description and later by Corbett & Miller (1928, 1933), the records being based on material from Malaya where Psara bipunctalis is a pest of egg-plant; Beeson & Chatterjee (1935, 1939) correctly record it as a parasite on the caterpillars of Hapalia machaeralis (=Pyrausta machoeralis}, a defoliator of teak in India. Thompson (1946 : 339) has recorded parachrysops as a parasite on Leucinodes sp. (Pyralidae), based on material in British Museum collection: it is not possible to confirm this record, as no material reared from Leucinodes can now be found in the B.M. collection. This species is probably allied to P. painei (Baranov) but is easily distinguished from this and other species, apart from male genital characters, by the unusual facial appearance of the female, by the very large and rather shaggy hair-patches of the abdomen of the male (in which the ends of the hairs overlap the following segment, surpassing the end of T4), by the very sparse and strong abdominal hairing, and by the exceptionally narrow interfrontal area in both sexes. The completely yellow palpi are also characteristic. Palexorista painei (Baranov, 1934) (Text-figs. 19, 27, 36, 51, 69) Sturmia painei Baranov, 19346 : 42. Lectotype $, JAVA. In British Museum (Natural His- tory), London. [Examined] Palexorista painei (Baranov) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. Lectotype Designation : the type-material seen of Sturmia painei consists of two male and two female syntypes, with data as stated by Baranov and each labelled " Sturmia Painei n. sp. N. Baranoff " in Baranov's writing; all of these syntypes are in British Museum, and one male has been labelled and is here designated as LECTOTYPE. It should be noted that the original description is headed " <$", but that Baranov describes characters of the " Weibchen " in the description, and it is therefore certain that painei was based on both male and female syntypes (Baranov does not state the number of specimens seen of either sex). (J. Head profile as in Text-fig. 19, profrons hardly at all narrower than gena, frontal length about 1-19 times as great as facial length, antennal axis only slightly above ocular axis. Vertex 0-27-0-29 of head-width. Frons usually rather strongly convex. Upper occiput with a row of black setulae behind postocular row. Interfrontal area unusually narrow, parafrontals wider 82 R. W. CROSSKEY than normal and interfrontal area at mid point only about half or two-thirds as wide as para- frontal. Outer vertical setae undeveloped. Parafrontal colour unusual, pollinosity brassy yellow to deep golden on about upper third and rather abruptly contrasting with silvery white or creamy white pollinosity on about lower two-thirds ; face and parafacials entirely creamy or silvery white pollinose, like the lower paraf rentals ; ground colour of facial regions reddish. Parafacials a little wider than third antennal segment, haired on uppermost quarter or third. Antennae of medium length, third segment 2-7-2-8 times as long as second segment; second seg- ment more reddish brown than usual, third segment blackish brown or dark brown except for some orange basal suffusion which usually extends slightly along inner edge of segment. Palpi yellow, at most only brownish at extreme base. Mesonotal pollinosity golden yellow, with similar pollinosity on abdomen giving species a distinctly golden appearance. Tarsal claws very small, conspicuously shorter than last tarsal segment. Abdomen with blackish brown ground colour medio-dorsally and along hind margins of intermediate tergites, and with ground colour extensively reddish orange laterally and reddish brown on T$; abdominal pollinosity golden yellow with little or no shifting appearance, contrasting with blackish hind margins of intermediate tergites, dark hind margin of T4 occupying about one-third of tergite length. Median marginal setae of T3 small and inconspicuous; dorsal hair of T4 in about five to seven series ; discal setae of T5 strong, rather long but not very numerous. Hair patches of T4 venter of medium size (Text-fig. 27), somewhat less than half width of the half -tergite. Genitalia: aedeagus of non-bifurcate type, as in Text-fig. 36; paralobes without spinules, paralobes and mesolobes short with the former slender and rather narrower than the broad mesolobes in profile (Text-fig. 51); mesolobes in posterior view with bluntly and evenly rounded apices (Text-fig. 69). Length usually about 7 mm., range 5-5-9-1 mm., lectotype 7-4 mm. $. Vertex 0-27-0-31 of head-width. Third antennal segment 2-7-3-0 times as long as second segment. Interfrontal area much narrower than parafrontal, at mid height usually about 0-6 of parafrontal width. Parafrontals more extensively yellow than in $, about upper half or two- thirds pale yellow pollinose and lower half or lowest third creamy whitish pollinose; face and parafacials less silvery white than in $, sometimes pollinosity faintly yellowish white. Dorsal hair of T4 in only about three or four, at most five, series. Puparium : slits of posterior spiracles almost completely straight, surface hairing very minute, short and slightly thorn-like. Material examined. Lectotype J. JAVA: no locality, 1929-30, ex Tirathaba sp. (R. W. Paine). Paralectotypes. i <, 2 ?, data as for lectotype (B.M. Nat. Hist.). Other material. JAVA: 2 <^, 5 $, Buitenzorg, ex Tirathaba rufivena, iii-iv.i933 (R. W. Paine) ; I <$, Bantam Coast, ii . 1933 (R. W. Paine] ; I <, 3 $, West Java, 1929-30 (R. W. Paine) ; i <$, i $, W. Java, ex Tirathaba, 1929-30 (R. W. Paine) ; 9 <$, West Coast, ex Tirathaba, ii.i933 (R. W. Paine); i <, Anjer, ex Tirathaba sp., V.I93O (R. W. Paine}; i <$ with puparium, West coast, ex Tirathaba sp., x.i930 (R. W. Paine) ; 5 <$, 10 $, some with puparia, emerged en route to Fiji, ex T. rufivena, vi.i933 (R. W. Paine). All the above-listed material in British Museum (Natural History). Distribution. So far as known Palexorista painei occurs only in Java. A few specimens were released in Fiji in 1933 (Paine, 1935 : 16), but painei almost certainly never became established in Fiji. Hosts. The only known host is the Coconut Spike Moth, Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae), from which the type-specimens and all other known material were reared. Palexorista painei parasitizes the larval stage of T. rufivena in Java, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to introduce the species into Fiji ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 83 in 1933 for the biological control of the Fijian species of Coconut Spike Moth, Tira- thaba trichogramma Meyrick (synonym of T. complexa Butler) (see Paine, 1935). Paine (op. cit.) records a 1*6% parasitism rate by painei on a sample of 3,000 fifth instar larvae of Tirathaba rufivena collected in 1933 on the West Coast of Java. Palexorista painei is one of the most distinctive Oriental species, characterized by the very small claws of the male, the golden pollinose thorax and abdomen, and by the unusual appearance of the parafrontals in which the upper parts are yellow and the lower parts silvery or whitish. The affinities are probably with P. sororcula (Mesnil) and possibly P. parachrysops (Bezzi). The head facies of P. painei shows a notable likeness to that of some Carceliini, particularly in the genus Argyrophylax Brauer and Bergenstamm, but the puparial characters confirm without doubt its correct assignment to Palexorista. Palexorista sororcula (Mesnil, 1949) (Text-figs. 21, 32, 67) Drino (Prosturmia) sororcula Mesnil, 1949 : 30. Holotype $, AUSTRALIA. In Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. [Examined] Palexorista sororcula (Mesnil) Crosskey, 1966 : 136. $ [holotype]. Head profile as in Text-fig. 21, frontal length about 1-29 times as great as facial length, antennal axis almost level with ocular axis. Vertex 0-32 of head-width. Upper occiput of holotype without black setulae on one side but with a few on other (species probably normally without). Interfrontal area at mid point slightly narrower than parafrontal. Parafrontals each with supernumerary row of small frontal setae outside the main row. Outer vertical setae undeveloped. Parafrontals uniformly pale silvery greyish pollinose and not contrasting with slightly more white pollinose face and parafacials. Parafacial subequal in width to third antennal segment, inconspicuously haired on about uppermost quarter. Antennae short, third segment about 2-5 times as long as second segment, second segment unusually reddish and third segment mostly reddish yellow (only brownish apically and along fore border). Palpi yellow. Mesono- tum thinly greyish pollinose, not at all yellow. Tarsal claws very small, shorter than last tarsal segment. Abdomen with mainly darkish ground colour and very pale whitish grey pollinosity, T/4 mainly pollinose and without shifting appearance, only apical quarter of T4 or less black- brown ; TS pale pollinose on basal three-fifths with pale median pollinose line extending to hind margin of tergite and more or less separating paired postero-lateral dark areas. Dorsal hair of T4 in about six series ; T$ with very sparse long hair anteriorly merging to distinct discal setae posteriorly. Hair-patch of T4 venter large, much as in curvipalpis (Text-fig. 28). Genitalia: aedeagus (Text-fig. 32) of non-bifurcate type; paralobes and mesolobes as in fig. 53, paralobes slender and narrower than mesolobes, without apical spinules; mesolobes in posterior view very long and subparallel (Text-fig. 67), unfused tips much shorter than fused basal part. Length 6-8 mm. $. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype $. AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Herberton, 3,700 ft., 1.1911 (Dodd) [labelled also " Phorcida sororcula Mesn. L. Mesnil det."]. Distribution. Known only from the holotype from Queensland. Hosts. Unknown. This species is probably most closely allied to P. painei (Baranov), having a similar head facies, short male claws and similar male hypopygium. ENTOM. 21, 2. 5 8 4 R. W. CROSSKEY 68 69 70 67 74 75 FIGS. 67-75. 67-73, Mesolobes of male hypopygium in posterior view of: 67, P. sororcula, holotype; 68, P. par achry sops ; 69, P. painei ; 70, P. bancrofti, holotype ; 71, P. deducens, lectotype; 72, P. imberbis from Egypt; 73, P. zonata from Egypt. 74, 75, Paralobes and mesolobes of male hypopygium in profile of: 74, P. imberbis from Egypt; 75, P. zonata from Egypt. ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PALEXORISTA 85 Palexorista bancrofti sp. n. (Text-figs. 22, 54, 70) , data as for holotype (B.M. Nat. Hist.); i <$, Entebbe, 8.vii.i9i4 (C. C. Gowdey) (B.M. Nat. Hist.); i $, Kampala, 8.viii.i9i4 (C. C. Gowdey) (B.M. Nat. Hist.). Other material. EGYPT: 6 $, 9 $, Esbet el Nakhl, bred ex pupae of small sunt moth Nadiasa obsoleta Klug, xi.igog (F. C. Willcocks). SUDAN: i $, Kodroko, 10. iv. 1913 (H. H. King); i J 7 viii J 949> * ?> 2I vn J 949 (^4 . R. Brooks) ; Sask., Plato, i ^, 28.iv.i925, 2 9, 28. vii. 1925 (A/". /. Atkinson); Sask., Elbow, 3 9, 7- viii. 1951 (A. R. Brooks); Man., Carberry, i 9, 20. v. 1953 (Brooks 6- Kelton); Man., Brandon, i <^, 26.V.50 (T. F. Co/e). UNITED STATES: Ore., Lapine, 3 $, 2 9, 2. vii. 1935 (Oman); Cal., Mono Lake, 2 ^, 31. vii. 40 (D. E. Hardy). New Records : Canada, United States. The whereabouts of Hardy's type series of D. variata from the British Isles (Lobley Hill, Northumberland, and the coast of Berwickshire, Scotland) are unknown and the specimens are presumed lost or destroyed. Walker (18516) lists one specimen in the British Museum Collection from Scotland, presented by J. Hardy, which might have been intended as the type but which unfortunately is no longer present. In the absence of suitable topotypic material, a neotype is not designated. The holotype ^ of D. lenensis Linnavuori, the only available specimen of this nominal species and located in the Universitetets Zoologiska Museum, Helsinki, was studied. The holotype of Notus agnatus Lethierry was not studied. Biology. Dikraneura variata is a fairly common species found throughout the year. It apparently overwinters in the adult stage (Buckton, 1891^; Wagner, 1935^, 19410). The earliest emergence records are for February in Germany (Wagner, 19350), March in England (Roche, 19440) an d April in the Netherlands (Blote, 19276). Its latest recorded occurrence is October in Scotland (Hardy, 18500; Marshall, 18676), France (Lambertie, 19010) and Germany (Wagner, 19350) and November at Kiev (Ivanov, 19286). Wagner (19350) also records the presence of nymphs in Germany during July. The periods of peak emergence are reported as April and July in Germany (Wag- ner, 19390), March and July in England (Roche, 19440) and April to May and July to September in the Netherlands (Blote, 19276). In France however it is recorded as common during the end of the summer and autumn (Dominique, 18900 ; Carpentier & Dubois, 18920; Lambertie, 19010) as is also the case for Scotland (Hardy, 18500; M'Gregor, 18930). Melichar (18960) records it also during July to September in Austria. Lethierry (18740) however found it to be fairly common in France during REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 119 May and June. In Germany, Wagner (19350) reports it as occurring from February to October and Kuntze (19370, b) also says it is present the whole year. In N. America, it is again found throughout the year. Specimens at hand in- dicate its presence during May in British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan and even as early as April in the former province. It has been found also as late as September in Alberta and Saskatchewan and as late as October in British Columbia. It is found mainly in grass (Hardy, 18500; Marshall, 18676; Lethierry, 18740; Dominique, 18900; Matsumura, 19060; Blote, 19276; Wagner, 19350, 19390, 19410; Kuntze, 19376; China, 19430) and low plants (Edwards, T.8880 7 ; Butler, 19090; Britten, 19190; China, 19430), is a common inhabitant of meadows (Then, 18860; Spitzner, 18920; Melichar, 18960; Fahringer, 19220; Haupt, 19350; Ribaut, 19366 ; China, 19430) and is often found in grasses in woods (Hardy, 18500 ; Marshall, 18676; Lethierry, 18740; Ribaut, 19366; China, 19430) and coniferous forests (Wagner, 19390, 19410) especially beneath Scotch Pine (Wagner, 19350; Kuntze, 19376; Rabeler, 19510). Linnavuori (19520) records it in dry V actinium-pine woods. It has also been taken on grassy heaths (Haupt, 19350; Kuntze, 19376), sandy soil (Haupt, 19350), grassy sand hills (Marshall, 18676) and at the roots of marram grass on sand dunes (Brown, 19370). Fagel (19490) records it in general from the base of plants of dry and sunny ground. In contrast, Dubois (18880) and Carpentier & Dubois (18920) have found it in swamps and marshes whilst Edwards (18850, I8880 1 ) and Lambertie (19010) record it also from damp humid places. Specific host plants include Festuca ovina L. and Air a flexuosa L. in woods (Hardy, 18500), Onopordon tauricum Willd. in meadows (Fahringer, 19220), Geranium robertianum L. in sea caverns (Hardy, 18500) and Juncus effusus L. (Matsumura, 19060). Remarks. Dikraneura variata has been recorded extensively throughout Europe. In 1949, Oman listed it from Pennsylvania in his Check List of Nearctic Leaf hoppers but unfortunately gave no corroborative evidence. Beirne (19526, 1956) in a treat- ment of the leaf hoppers of Canada figured it for N. America but failed to recognize its relationship to Hardy's species and recorded it as a variant of the closely related species D. carneola (Stal). Linnavuori (19530) described a form from Siberia which, although acknowledged to be closely related to D, variata, was considered to be a new species, D. lenensis. Vilbaste (1965) has also described a form from the Altay region of Russia similar to that of D. lenensis but which he tentatively considered, together with D. lenensis, as D. carneola. In the present study, an examination of material from the British Isles, Europe and N. America, together with the holotype of D. lenensis, shows that Hardy's species is more widespread than previously thought and extends from Europe eastwards into the northwest coastal area of N. America. A noticeable feature of D. variata is the variability in the apical region of the aedeagus throughout its geographical range. The form typical of the British Isles, as well as a number of specimens from the European continent, is shown in Text-fig, ii. In general, the continental forms show a more gradual tapering at the apex of the shaft (seen also in some specimens from the British Isles), the apical processes more slender and a slight increase in the length of the subapical processes (Text-figs. 120 W. J. KNIGHT 17, 18 and 19). This variability is very marked in the Nearctic region (Text-figs. 20-29) even within the same population (Text-figs. 26, 27 and 29) yet certain forms show a strong resemblance to those from Europe (cf. Text-fig. 17 with 20 and 19 with 28). The form described from Siberia as D. lenensis Linnavuori as well as that described by Vilbaste (1965) is seen to fit within this variability range and suggests the presence of D. variata throughout the Palaearctic region, a fact which only further collecting in this area can verify. In addition to the above variation, there is a noticeable increase in body length between Europe and N. America. This varies in the males from 2-92-3-24 mm. (mean 3-04 mm.) in the British Isles, 3-12-3-36 mm. (mean 3-24 mm.) in Europe and 3-34-3-64 mm. (mean 3-44 mm.) in N. America. The females, which are slightly larger in general than the males, show a similar increase. The body is also more slender in the Nearctic forms and the head more variable in the acuteness of its apex, ranging from that seen in the European forms (Text-fig, i) to that of D. carneola (Stal) (Text-figs. 30 and 31). The Nearctic forms are also much paler in general than the European forms with the disc of the pronotum and basal half of the fore wings often pale pink. D. variata is very closely related to the N. American species D. carneola (Stal) particularly in the shape of the aedeagus. That of D. carneola however is relatively smaller and much narrower and more elongate apically in lateral aspect with the apical processes directed more dorsad. Like D. variata, D. carneola shows a certain, though less well marked, variability in the shape of the aedeagus (Text-figs. 46-58). A comparison of these figures with those of D. variata however shows the range to be distinct in both species without visible evidence of overlap. In addition, D. variata is distinguished by its slightly larger and more elongate pygofer, the presence of microspines over the posterior region of the lateral wall of the latter and by its larger and more posteriorly directed abdominal apodemes. Externally, the Euro- pean forms of D. variata are readily distinguishable from D. carneola by their shorter and more robust shape and their more sordid coloration. The Nearctic forms of D. variata however are more difficult to distinguish externally from D. carneola, although in general Z). variata is much paler in colour with the ventral surface of the female pygofer cream rather than dark brown. The vertex is also more obtusely angled anteriorly in D. variata. They occur sympatrically over the north-west region of N. America and have been taken together at Lapine, Oregon, and Mono Lake, California, thereby indicating their status as distinct species rather than sub- species. Further collecting is undoubtedly required in this area, as well as through- out Siberia, in order to determine more conclusively the relationship of these two species. Dikraneura carneola (Stal) (Text-figs. 30-58) Typhlocyba carneola Stal, 18580 : 196. Dikraneura carneola var. sitkana Ball & DeLong, 19250! : 330. Length: 3-32-3-90 mm. (mean 3-63 mm.). $ 3-62-4-24 mm. (mean 3-88 mm.). REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 121 Head with width equal to or slightly greater than pronotum, vertex angularly produced with apex narrowly or broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, with medial length i^-if times length next eyes, narrowly rounded to face with latter approximately as long as wide, with ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing only slightly posteriorly. Colour of face sordid cream or pale brownish with anteclypeus yellowish and genae cream; vertex usually paler than face, often cream, usually washed with yellow, rarely orange, some- times with a small patch on either side of midline just behind apex orange or yellow, with narrow medial longitudinal stripe cream, sometimes obscure; sutures on anterior margin usually orange with marginal area between cream, a small oval patch immediately above base of antenna whitish, sometimes obscure ; eyes testaceous. Pronotum with disc sordid cream or light brownish, sometimes pinkish, rarely red, anterior and lateral margins yellow marked irregularly with cream, rarely uniformly sordid cream; scutellum yellow, sometimes marked 44 45 FIGS. 30-45. Dikraneura carneola (Stal). 30, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 31, same; 32, same; 33, face; 34, head and pronotum, left lateral view; 35, female genitalia, ventral view; 36, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 37, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plates, left lateral view; 38, pygofer, posterior view; 39, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 40, aedeagus (Mammoth Lake, California), left lateral view; 41, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in previous fig. ; 42, connective, antero- dorsal view; 43, connective, left lateral view; 44, left style, dorsal view; 45, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. W. J. KNIGHT 58 FIGS. 46-58. Dikraneura carneola (Stal). 46, aedeagus (Weed, Siskiyou Co., California), left lateral view; 47, same (Baja California, Mexico); 48, same (Mammoth Lake, Cali- fornia) ; 49, same (Mammoth Lake, California) ; 50, same (Yosemite Valley, California) ; 51, same (Yosemite National Park, California); 52, same (Mammoth Lake, California); 53, same (Mammoth Lake, California) ; 54, same (Mammoth Lake, California) ; 55, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in previous fig. ; 56, aedeagus (Yosemite National Park, California), left lateral view; 57, same (Mammoth Lake, California); 58, same (Yosemite National Park, California). Scale as in figs. 11-16. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 123 irregularly with cream, rarely uniformly sordid cream; remainder of thorax dark brown, touched laterally with yellow. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhy aline greenish yellow or light brownish, sometimes pinkish, rarely red, often pale; apical half hyaline with veins greenish yellow or cream, pinkish when base so coloured, sometimes pale smoky brown over apical cells. Hind wings hyaline with veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum and venter dark brown to black, former with lateral edge of posterior segments sometimes yellow, sternites with lateral and posterior borders sometimes yellow or whitish yellow; male pygofer and anal tube dark brown to black, valve dark brown, subgenital plates light brown, rarely whitish, yellowish or orange; female pygofer dark brown with narrow ventral edge bordering ovipositor cream, ovipositor cream with apex beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII cream with anterolateral angles dark brown. Male apodemes short, decreasing gradually in length laterally, spoon-shaped, directed dorso- posteriorly, rarely posteriorly. Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. variata Hardy but relatively shorter and more robust, with microspines absent or only weakly developed over small area. Aedeagus with preatrium and dorsally directed basal apodeme well developed; shaft directed dorsally, laterally com- pressed and tapering towards apex, terminating apically in a pair of short, narrow, dorso- laterally directed processes, their apices turned posteriorly, a pair of subapical processes on posterior margin directed anterolaterally, a pair of short triangular processes on anterior margin near base ; gonopore elongate, on posterior margin between bases of posterior processes. Female genitalia with sternum VII as in D. variata Hardy. Distribution. Alaska (Stal, 18582; Ashmead, 1904^), British Columbia (Gillette, 18980; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Dowries, 19270; Beirne, 19526), Alberta (Strickland, 19530), Ontario (Gibson, 19130; Ball & DeLong, 19250), Maine (Osborn, 19150), South Dakota (Ball & DeLong, 19250), Minnesota (Ball & DeLong, 19250), Washing- ton (Gillette, 18980; Hatch, 19380; Wolfe, ig55c), Oregon (Van Duzee, 19170; McAtee, 19240; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Beirne, 19526), Idaho (Ball & DeLong, 19250; Knowlton & Allen, 19360; Fox, 19380; Barber, 19430), California (Van Duzee, 19140, 19166, 19170; Johnson & Ledig, 19180; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Beirne, 19526), Utah (McAtee, 19240; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Knowlton, 19296, 19316; Knowlton & Allen, 19360; Hayward, 19480, 19520; Knowlton, 19490; Beirne, 19526; Kaloostian, 19520; Knowlton, 19536), Colorado (Ball & DeLong, 19250; Beirne, 19526), Arizona (Gillette, 18980; McAtee, 19240; Ball & DeLong, 19250), New Mexico (Ball & DeLong, 19250), Mexico (Ball & DeLong, 19250). Specimens seen. CANADA: B. C., Grand Forks, 2 9, 14^.1948 (R. H. Handford); B. C., Okanagan Falls, 2,500', i $, 2 9, i6.vi.i953 (/. R. McGillis); B. C., Oliver, i <2, 2 9, i8.vi.iQ53 (J. R. McGillis) ; B. C., Creston, i 3 ?> 22.vii.i949 (". L. Atkinson); Ore., Pendleton, 2 <, I4.vii.3i (M. W. Sanderson); Ore., Bonneville, i $, 4.vii.i935 (Owaw); Ore., Meacham, i <$, I4.vii.3i (R. H. Beamer}; Ore., Haines, 2 $, io.vii.3i (.R. 77. Beamer}; Ore., Anthony Lake, i $, n.vii.3i (/. Nottingham); Ore., Cove, i <, 8.viii.i927 (77. 7t. Wallace}; Ore., Astoria, i $, ix.22 (wo collector}; Ore., S. of Worden, i $, i.vii.1935 (Oman); Ore., Sun Pass, i <$, i.vii.35 (R. H. Beamer}; Cal., Alpine Co., Carson Pass, 4 <, 4 $, 2g.vi.57 (/. Powell); Cal., Inyo Co., Mono Pass, 2 ^, I3.viii.57 (/. Powell); Cal., Tuolumne Co., Chipmunk Flat, 3 ^, 4 $, I3.vi.62 (/. Powell) ; Cal., Tioga Pass, 3 <, 7 $, 3i.vii.i94o (Z,. /. Lipovsky}, i (, 3i.vii.40 (7). 7s. Hardy}; Cal., Ventura Co., Mt. Pinos, 7,500', i & 2 ?, S.v.59 (G. /. Stage), i , 22. vi. 1942 (X. /. Walz}; Cal., Big Bear Lake, i , 22.iii.i947 (]V. PF. Frazier}; Cal., Tahoe, G. Alpine Cr., i , 23.vi.i5, i ?, 3-X.I5 (. P. Faw Duzee} ; Cal., Tahoe, Angora L., i $, 22 . vi . 15 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Cal., Tahoe, Grass Lake, i $, 24.vi.i5 (. P. Faw Duzee} ; Cal., 2 miles E. of Ineber Lake, i <$, no date (no collector} ; Cal., Madera Co., Jackass Meadow, i , 31. vii. 1946 (T. 0. Thatcher) ; Cal., Glenn Co., Plaskett Mdws., 6,200', i <, 2 ?, 3. vii. 60 (/. Powell}; Cal., Guatay, i J, 21. vii. 41 (E. L. Todd}; Cal., Echo, 9 , i8.viii.6o (E. Jessen} ; Cal., Yosemite Nat. Pk., 21 ^, 22 $, i. viii. 1940 (L. /. Lipovsky}, 10 <^, 14 ?, i.viii.i94o (D. E. Hardy}, 2 ^, i. viii. 40 (L. C. Kuitert}, i <$, i. viii. 40 (R. H. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 125 Beamer); Cal., Yosemite Valley, i <$, io.vii.33 (R. H. B earner}; Cal., Yosemite, 3,88o'-4,ooo', i <, 19. v. 1938 (N. F. Hardman); Utah, Provo Canyon, 4 <$, 3 , I5.viii.40 (D. F. Hardy}; Utah, Provo, i <, xi.i92- (Z). F/^ Beck}; Utah, Smith- field, I $, I3.vii.i935 (Oman); Utah, Strwbry Dam, 13 $, i6.vii.i935 (Oman); Utah, Farmington, 2 $, i ?, io.x.i953 (G. F. Knowlton}; Utah, Cotton, i , 3.vi.58 (/. Powell); Baja Calif., Sierra San Pedro Martir, 4 miles S. Encinas, 6,000', i $, 2.vi.58 (/. Powell); Baja Calif., Sierra San Pedro Martir, 5 miles N.E. Encantada, 9,000', n <$, 8 $, 3I.V.58 (/. Powell); Baja Calif., Sierra San Pedro Martir, La Grulla, 6,500', 19 , 3 $, 28.V.58, 7 ^, 16 $, 29^.58, i ?, i.vi.58 (/. Powell). New Records: Montana, Nevada. Dikraneura carneola was originally described by Stal from Sitka, Alaska. Un- fortunately, this was restricted to only colour and wing venation which alone are in- sufficient to characterize the species concerned. Beirne (19526) draws attention to this fact and queries whether the carneola of American authors is in fact the carneola of Stal. The male holotype, stated by Stal (19586) to be in his personal collection, could not be located in the latter in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum in Stockholm. 1 Attempts to locate it in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, were likewise with- out success. 2 Unfortunately, the species D. absenta DeLong & Caldwell, D. variata Hardy, D. ossia Beirne, D. mali (Provancher) and D. shoshone Belong & Caldwell, as well as carneola, all extend over the northwestern region of N. America and fit the original description so that any one of these species might conceivably have been taken by Stal. However, in order to avoid unnecessary nomenclatorial confusion, it was decided to follow the carneola of authors. The absence of suitable topotypic material prevents the designation of a neotype. One male and one female of Dikraneura carneola var. sitkana labelled " Logan, Utah, 6-20-08 " " Paratype " together with i ^ labelled " Salt Lake, Utah, 6-16-98 " were also studied. All three specimens are located in the U.S.N.M. Biology. Dikraneura carneola is a very common species present from early spring to late summer throughout its range. Its earliest recorded occurrence is April in California (Van Duzee, 1914^) although specimens at hand show it to be active in this state as early as March. Its latest recorded occurrence is October in Utah (McAtee, 19240; Knowlton, 19316, 19536), this month being indicated also in specimens at 1 Dr. E. Kjellander, in correspondence. 2 Dr. M. Beier, in correspondence. 126 W. J. KNIGHT hand from Washington, California and Utah while November is seen to be the latest for the latter state. It occurs on grasses (Osborn, 19150; Van Duzee, 19166; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Downes, 19270; Hayward, 19520; Wolfe, 19550), oats (Osborn, 19150; Wolfe, 19550), wheat (Osborn, 19150; Wolfe, 19550; Knowlton, 19490), weeds (Fox, 19380; Wolfe, 19550), alfalfa (Hatch, 19380; Wolfe, 19550; Knowlton, 19536), beets (Knowlton & Allen, 19360), potato (Knowlton & Allen, 19360; Wolfe, I 955 C ) clover (Wolfe, 19550), sweet corn (Barber, 19430) and matrimony vine (Knowlton & Allen, 19360). Its specific host plants include Gutierrezia sp. (Knowl- ton, 19316), Chrysothamnus sp., Alriplex rosea L., Sophia sophia (L.) and Salsola peslifer Nelson (Knowlton & Allen, 19360). Wolfe (19550) grades the host plants according to their importance, with Medicago saliva L. (alfalfa), Prunus avium L. (sweet cherry), Prunus persica Batsch (peach), Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) and various species of weeds as accidental associations only, Avena saliva L. (oats), Hordeum sp. (barley), Secale cereale L. (rye), Trilicum aeslivum L. (wheat) as food plants and with various species of grasses providing the only hosts for oviposition and nymphal development. D. carneola is considered as a common meadow form (Ball & DeLong, 19250), abundant in wet swampy meadows (Van Duzee, 19166; Hayward, 19520). Kaloostian (19520) records it in moderate numbers in stone fruit orchards in Utah and Hayward (19480) in his study of the Wasatch Chaparral community in Utah records it in the herb-low shrub layer at 5,20o'-6,8oo'. Click (19390), in his study of the distribution of insects in the air, collected it at 2,000' at night. Wolfe (19550) considers it as one of the most important species in Washing- ton, causing damage to alfalfa, clover, grains and grasses as well as infesting lawns. It is also considered an injurious species on grasses, oats and wheat in Maine (Osborn, 19150). It has been found injuring the leaves of sweet corn in Idaho (Barber, 19430) as well as producing tiny-spot leaf discoloration injury to alfalfa in Utah (Knowlton, 19536). Kaloostian (19520) reports it as responsible, with other species, for the transmission of the Western X-disease virus of stone fruits in Utah. Remarks. Dikraneura carneola shows a certain variability in the shape of the aedeagus (Text-figs. 40 and 46-58) even among individuals from the same locality (cf. Text-figs. 40, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54 and 57, from Mammoth Lakes, California, and Text-figs. 51, 56 and 58 from the Yosemite National Park, California). The most common forms are those shown in Text-figs. 40, 46, 48, 51, 53 and 54. This species is very closely related to D. variola Hardy and is further discussed under the latter species. Dikraneura absenta DeLong & Caldwell (Text-figs. 59-74) Dikraneura (Notus) absenta DeLong & Caldwell, 19370 : 28. Dikraneura (Notus) termina DeLong & Caldwell, 19370 : 29. syn. n. Dikraneura feirde Beirne, 19526 : 252. syn. n. Length: $ 3-38-3-92 mm. (mean 3-63 mm.). $ 3-40-4-10 mm. (mean 3-78 mm.). Form and colour as in D. carneola (Stal) but with vertex usually more broadly rounded in profile and dorsal aspect, with head more yellowish, small creamish patch above antenna and REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 127 that between marginal sutures less distinct, the midline of the pronotum often paler and with ventral surface of abdomen and female pygofer pale yellow or cream. Male apodemes short, poorly developed, directed dorsoposteriorly, not spoon-shaped. Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. variata Hardy but with pygofer relatively shorter and more robust and with microspines absent or only weakly developed over small area. Aedeagus as in D. carneola (Stal) but without subapical processes on posterior margin, with apical pro- cesses relatively shorter and with triangular processes on anterior margin very small. Female genitalia with sternum VII as in D. variata Hardy. 74 FIGS. 59-74. Dikraneura absenta DeLong & Caldwell. 59, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 60, fore wing; 61, hind wing; 62, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 63, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 64, male pygofer, posterior view; 65, aedeagus, left lateral view; 66, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 65; 67, aedeagus, left lateral view; 68, same; 69, connective, anterodorsal view; 70, connective, left lateral view; 71, left style, dorsal view; 72, female genitalia, ventral view; 73, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 74, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in ngs. 1-16. 128 W. J. KNIGHT Distribution. British Columbia (DeLong & Caldwell, 1937^; Beirne, 19526), Washington (DeLong & Caldwell, I937; Wolfe, 19550), Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, California and Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, 1937^). Specimens seen. CANADA: B. C., Summerland, i $, i8.vi.3i, i J, 2 $, io.ix.3i (A. N. Gartrell), 2 $, ii.vii.5o (B. P. Beirne); B. C., Kool Bay, i <, 21. ix. 1948 (D. B. Waddell); B. C., Abbotsford, i $, 6.ix.5o (no collector); B. C., MacGillivray Creek Game Reserve, nr. Chilliwack, i <, I4.vii.i953 (G. J. Spencer); B. C., Creston, 2 ^, i ?, 9-ix.i948 (D. B. Waddell); B. C., ShuswapLake, i $, 22.vii.i926 (J. McDunnough) ; B.C., Goldstream, i $, 7 . vii . 50 (B. P. Beirne) ; B. C., Willow Pt., i <$, i , 2.vii.i948 (D. B. Waddell). UNITED STATES: Wash., Kalama, 7 , 6. vii. 1935 (Oman); Wash., Randle, 2 $, i , 22 . vii . 1949 (/. 7v!. White) ; Wash., Ritzville, i $, 8 . vii . 1935 (Oman) ; Wash., Sprague, I J, 20. vii. 1949 (R. H. Beamer); Ore., S. of Worden, 16 $, 14 $, i. vii. 1935 (Oman); Ore., Bonneville, 5 <, 16 $, 4. vii. 1935 (Oman) ; Ore., Bend, 3 <, 2. vii. 1935 (Oman); Ore., S. of Bend, i $, 2. vii. 1935 (Oman); Ore., Klamath Co., Algoma, El. 4,100', i $, 2 $, 22. vii. 1949 (E. L. Atkinson); Ore., Klamath Falls, i $, i. vii. 1935 (Oman); Ore., Yoncalla, i <$, 12. vii. 35 (R. H. Beamer); Ida., Butte, i <$, 26.viii.38 (no collector); Ida., Cataldo, 2 <, i $, 9. vii. 1935 (Owaw); Ida., Coeur d'Alene, 3 , 29^.1939, i $, 19^.1942, 2 ^, 2 $, 14. vi. 1942 (no collector); Cal., Taft, 2 ?, 19. v. 1942, i ^, 20. vi. 1942 (wo collector); Cal., Onyx, i $, 23. vii. 40 (R. H. Beamer); Cal., Campo, 3 $, i8.vii.4o (D. . Hardy); Cal., Sequoia Nat. Pk., 2 J, 6.viii.i940 (D. . Hardy); Cal., Inyo Co., Owens Valley, i $, 19^.1937 (wo collector); Cal., Modoc Co., 7milesS.E. Tule Lake, i $, no date (R. F. Smith) ; Cal., La Jolla, i <, 6 ?, 14. vii. 41 (7?. ^f. Beamer) ; Cal., Contra Costa Co., Antioch, 2 $, 6.iv.56 (M. Wasbauer); Cal., Berkeley, i ^, i $, x.1914, 2 $, ix.i9i4 (. P. Van Duzee); Cal., Davis, i $, 17. vii. 1936, i $, vii. 1937 (no collector); Nev., Austin, i ^, I2.viii.i940 (Z). . Hardy); Utah, Wanship, i ^, 28.vi.43 (S. F. Knowlton); Ariz., White Mts., 16 ^, 19. vi. 1950 (^. fl". Beamer); Ariz., Granite Dells, 23 , 26. vi. 1950 (^. AT. Beamer); Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., 2 ^, 10. vii. 1950 (R. H. Beamer); N. M., Mountain Park, i $, 2 $, 27.vi.40 (D. . Hardy). New Records: Montana, Nevada, New Mexico. A single specimen from the Canal Zone is present in the Osborn Collection, Ohio State University. The holotype ^ (UNITED STATES: Ida., Craters of Moon, 29.vi.30 (no collector}}, allotype $ (UNITED STATES: Wash., Kalama R., 21. vii. 31 (R. H. Beamer}} and 10 paratypes (CANADA: B. C., Kelowna, 1^,1$, 5.viii.3i (R. H. Beamer}; B. C., Merritt, i $, 3.viii.3i (/. Nottingham} ; B. C., Merritt, i $, 3.viii.3i (R. H. Beamer). UNITED STATES: Cal., Donner Lake, i ^, 6.viii.30 (no collector); Cal., Strawberry, I , 8.viii.29 (R. H. Beamer); Ariz., Oak Creek Cn., i <$, 9.viii.32 (R. H. Beamer); REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 129 Utah, Lehi, I $, 3.viii.o6 (no collector}; Idaho, Bliss, 2 $, 7.vii.3i (H. T. Peters)}, located in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, were studied. The holotype and the male paratype from Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, were missing from their points although their genitalia were still present in the vials. The date of the holotype and the locality of the allotype differ from that given in the original description. The holotype $, allotype $ and i <$, i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Oak Creek Cn., g.viii.32 (R. H. Beamer}} of Dikraneura termina DeLong & Caldwell, located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, were studied. 1^,1$ paratype (same data as holotype) and i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Oak Creek Cn., 3i.vii.33 ( R. H. Beamer)), in the DeLong Collection, were also studied. The vial associated with the holotype contains two abdomens, one of which is D. absenta and the other completely membranous and abnormal in shape, lacking posterior processes on the pygofer and with the aedeagus simple and tapered towards its apex as illustrated in the original description. The species described by DeLong & Caldwell as D. termina is undoubtedly a combination of these two specimens, the pygofer of D. absenta being associated with the aedeagus of the abnormal specimen. Since the perfect specimen associated with the holotype, and partially included in the original description, is D. absenta it is interpreted as the holotype and D. termina placed as a synonym of D. absenta which has page priority. As all members of the type series except one (a female) were taken together it may be confidently assumed that the abnormal specimen is associated with the other specimens and therefore rightfully belongs to D. absenta. The abdomens of the two male paratypes are missing. The type series of D. feirde Beirne, located in the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa, is a mixed series of both D. feirde, as originally described, and D. absenta, The male genitalia associated with the holotype (CANADA: B. C., Summerland, 10. ix. 1931 (A. N. Gartrell}} and one paratype (CANADA: B. C., Oliver, 23^.1923 (C. B. Garrett}} are of D. absenta and do not agree with the original description of D. feirde. The remaining two paratypes are identical to the description of D. feirde, which however is the same as D. shoshone DeLong & Caldwell. Biology. The recorded occurrence of Dikraneura absenta is limited to June and July in Idaho and Washington respectively (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370) although material at hand shows it to be active from April to October in California. In Washington it is usually found on grasses although its hosts also include Ambrosia sp. (ragweed), Medicago saliva L. (alfalfa) and weeds (Wolfe, 1955^). The last three are considered however as accidental associations only while grasses alone afford host plants for both food and nymphal development. It is one of the most important leaf hoppers in Washington causing damage to alfalfa, clover, grains and grasses and occasionally infests lawns. It is also reported (Beirne, 19526) as a common species in parts of British Columbia. Remarks. Dikraneura absenta is closely related to D. carneola (Stal), differing from the latter mainly by the absence of posterior subapical processes on the aedeagus and by the less well developed abdominal apodemes. Its close relationship to 130 W. J. KNIGHT D. carneola can be further seen by the presence in some individuals of short peg-like processes situated posterolaterally on the shaft just basad of the gonopore (Text- figs. 67 and 68). Such individuals occur in the same populations as those without these pegs, indicating the individual rather than clinal nature of this character. Externally, these two species, although very similar, may be separated by the presence in D. absenta of a usually more obtusely angled vertex, a pale yellow or cream venter to the abdomen and female pygofer, the often paler medial area of the pronotum and the much less distinct patch above the antenna and marginal patch between the sutures. The external separation of D. absenta and the Nearctic forms of D. variata Hardy is more difficult. D. variata however is usually much paler with the ventral surface of the abdomen dark brown, although a dark brown suffusion over the anterior half of the abdominal sternites in some specimens of D. absenta makes this latter character unreliable. Dikraneura aridella (Sahlberg) (Text-figs. 75-86) Typhlocyba citrinella Flor (nee Zetterstedt), i86i : 386. Notus aridellus Sahlberg, 1871 a : 167. Notus cephalotes Fieber, 1872^ : 14 [nom. nud.]. Notus cephalotes Lethierry, 1874(3 : 272. Length: <$ 3-12-3-14 mm. (mean (3-13 mm.). 2-96-3-24 mm. (mean 3-12 mm.). Similar to D. variata Hardy but with aedeagus distad of gonopore narrower and more elon- gate and with posterior processes extending anteriorly to level of posterior margin of basal apodeme. Distribution. FINLAND (Sahlberg, 18710; Ossiannilsson, 19460; Lindberg, 19470; Kontkanen, 1948, 19490, 19526; Linnavuori, 19490, 19520, e), SWEDEN (Sahlberg, 18710; Ossiannilsson, 19340, 1941^, 19460; Kontkanen, 1948), NORWAY (Kontkanen, 1948), ENGLAND (Fieber, 18720), DENMARK (Jacobsen, 19150; Jensen- Haarup, 19186, 19200), BELGIUM (Lethierry, 18780, 18926), FRANCE (Lethierry, 18740), GERMANY (Kirschbaum, 18686; Melichar, 18960), Prussia (Kirschbaum, 18686; Matsumura, 19060) and AUSTRIA (Low, 18860; Melichar, 18960). Specimens seen. SWEDEN: Ostergotland, Vist, Sturefors, I <$, 27.viii.32 (Ossian- nilsson) ; Ostergotland, Kimstad, i , I3.vi.34 (Ossiannilsson); Ostergotland, Rystad, Luestad, I $, 30.V.34 (Ossiannilsson); Ostergotland, Rystad, Frosta, i $, 6.vi.33 (Ossiannilsson); Ostergotland, Askeby, i $, 7.vi.32 (Ossiannilsson); Dalarne, Malingsbo, i <, I5.vii.i94i (Ossiannilsson). The type series of D. aridella, located in the Universitetets Zoologiska Museum, Helsinki, consists of three specimens of which one is a female, another is a para- sitized male and the third has its abdomen missing. 3 The male, labelled " Kuopio, Reinikainen ", was studied. Unfortunately, as a result of its condition, the abdom- inal apodemes are absent, the anterior halves of the styles and the connective membraneous and the aedeagus small and abnormal in shape, characters typical of 3 Dr. M. Meinander, in correspondence REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 131 parasitized males. The pygofer and subgenital plates were normal. A lectotype was not selected. The holotype of Notus cephalotes Lethierry was not studied. Biology. Dikraneura aridella appears to be active from early to late summer, its earliest recorded occurrence being in May (Lethierry, 18740) an< 3 its latest in September (Jacobsen, 19150; Jensen-Haarup, 19200). Material at hand would also suggest a similar period of activity. It inhabits dry grass meadows (Flor, 18610; Lindberg, 19470) although it has also been found, although rare, in both rich swampy woods and rich moist grass herb woods (Linnavuori, 19520). It apparently overwinters as the adult (Lindberg, 19470). Remarks. Dikraneura aridella is closely related to the only other European member of the genus, D. variola Hardy. The two species are identical externally and for many years were considered synonymous. The male genitalia are also similar with the exception of the aedeagus, which in D. aridella is narrower apically FIGS. 75-86. Dikraneura aridella (Sahlberg). 75, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 76, male pygofer, posterior view; 77, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 78, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 79, aedeagus, left lateral view; 80, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 79; 81, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 82, connective, anterodorsal view; 83, connective, left lateral view; 84, female genitalia, ventral view; 85, left style, dorsal view; 86, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs, i .-16. ENTOM. 21, 3 132 W. J. KNIGHT in lateral aspect, with the posterior processes more elongate and reaching to near the level of the posterior edge of the basal apodeme. Dikraneura omani sp. n. (Text-figs. 87-99) Length: , 9. vii. 1923 (K. F. Auden), in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. This species is named in honour of Dr. P. W. Oman, who collected much of the material upon which this study is based. Biology. From the specimens at hand, Dikraneura omani is seen to be present FIGS. 87-99. Dikraneura omani sp. n. 87, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 88, same; 89, male pygofer, posterior view; 90, male pygofer, valve and sub- genital plate, left lateral view; 91, aedeagus, left lateral view; 92, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 91; 93, female genitalia, ventral view; 94, left sub- genital plate, ventral view; 95, connective, anterodorsal view; 96, connective, left lateral view; 97, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 98, left style, dorsal view; 99, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. I 3 4 W - J- KNIGHT during July throughout its entire range. It has also been taken during May and August in California. Further details of its biology are unknown. Remarks. Dikraneura omani is closely related to D. carneola (Stal) but may be distinguished from the latter species by the relatively larger size and shape of the aedeagus, the presence of microspines near the posteroventral region of the lateral surface of the pygofer, as in D. variata Hardy, and by the much longer abdominal apodemes. Externally D. omani and D. carneola are distinguished by the slightly larger size of D. omani, its possession of two longitudinal stripes on the vertex and pronotum, its head being narrower rather than wider than the pronotum and its more produced and acutely angled vertex. It may be distinguished from the sym- patric species D. rufula Gillette, which also possesses approximately similar markings on the vertex and pronotum, by its usually greenish yellow rather than reddish coloration of these markings and by its larger size. The male genitalia of both species are also diagnostic. Dikraneura shoshone DeLong & Caldwell (Text-figs. loo-in) Dikraneura carneola var. shoshone DeLong & Caldwell, 19370 : 2 7- stat. n. Length: < 3-54-3-98 mm. (mean 3-74 mm.). Head with width slightly greater than that of pronotum, vertex moderately produced with apex broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length approximately i| times length next eyes, narrowly or broadly rounded to face, with latter approximately as long as wide, ocellocular area ij times width of antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing only slightly posteriorly. Colour of head cream or pale stramineous, paling laterally on genae, vertex on each side of midline faintly washed with yellow or orange, eyes testaceous. Pronotum pale cream, disc faintly sordid, rarely pinkish, with a patch on each side of midline over anterior half yellowish or pale orange; scutellum pale cream, basal triangles yellow or orange; remainder of thorax dark brown marked laterally with yellow. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline greenish yellow, sometimes pinkish, usually very pale ; apical half hyaline with veins cream, apical cells sometimes faintly smoky brown. Hind wings hyaline, veins colourless or brownish. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown to black, with lateral margin sometimes yellow, venter dark brown to black, with posterior and lateral edge of sternites sometimes whitish or yellow; male pygofer and anal tube dark brown to black, subgenital plates pale cream, valve concolorous with plates or dark brown. Male apodemes short, each with length approximately equal to width, sometimes absent. Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. variata Hardy but with lateral hair-like setae extending more dorsoposteriorly and microspines restricted to posteroventral area of lateral surface. Aedeagus with preatrium and dorsally directed basal apodeme well developed, the latter expanded apically; shaft directed dorsally, tapering in posterior aspect and terminating in a pair of short posteriorly directed processes, their bases expanded and united into a flattened shield-like plate, a pair of elongate processes, slightly variable in length, posterolaterally im- mediately distad of midlength, directed laterally and then anterodorsally, a pair of short tri- angular processes on anterior margin immediately basad of midlength; gonopore on posterior margin between bases of posterolateral processes. Female unknown. Distribution. British Columbia (Beirne, 19526), Idaho (DeLong & Caldwell, 1937*)- REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 135 Specimens seen. CANADA: Alta., Banff, 2 <$, ly.vi.so (B. P. Beirne). UNITED STATES: Mont., Hamilton, i <$, ig.vii.i949 (R. H. Beamer); Wyo., Yellowstone Nat. Pk., i J, I2.vii.35 (Oman); Me., Bar Harbor, i <, no date (W. Procter). New Records: Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Maine. 105 106 107 108 109 110 FIGS. loo-iu. Dikraneura shoshone DeLong & Caldwell. 100, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 101, male py gofer, posterior view; 102, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 103, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 104, aedeagus (Maine), left lateral view; 105, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 104; 106, aedeagus (Banff, Alberta), left lateral view; 107, connective, anterior view; 108, connective, left lateral view; 109, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; no, left style, dorsal view; in, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 136 W. J. KNIGHT The holotype < and 2 < paratypes (UNITED STATES: Ida., Shoshone Basin, 27.vii.30 (no collector)) of D. shoshone, located in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, were studied. As stated under D. absenta DeLong & Caldwell, the type series of D.feirde Beirne, located in the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa, is a mixed series, the holotype J and i <$ paratype being D. absenta and the remaining 2 $ paratypes (CANADA: B. C., Chilcotin, 29^11.1920 (E.R.Buckell) and B.C., Hedley, N.P. Mine, 7.viii.i934 (A. N. Gartrell)) being D. shoshone. Biology. Specimens at hand of D. shoshone were taken during June in Alberta and July in both Montana and Wyoming. DeLong & Caldwell (1937^) record it for July in Idaho and Beirne (19526) records it for July and August in British Columbia. Remarks. D. shoshone is most closely related to D. variata Hardy and D. ossia Beirne but may be readily distinguished from both these species by the male geni- talia. The pygofer of all three species is very similar, although that of D. shoshone differs from that of D. variata by the setae on the lateral surface extending more dorsoposteriorly and the posterior microspines being more restricted in distribution. It differs from that of D. ossia by having the posterior process more elongate and directed more dorsally rather than posteriorly. The aedeagus of D. shoshone is perhaps most closely related to that of D. ossia in general size and shape of the shaft and the basal expansion of the apical processes into a shield-like plate. They differ however in the length of the apical processes beyond the plate and the fact that in D. shoshone the processes on the shaft arise posterolaterally as in D. variata rather than laterally as in D. ossia. Dikraneura ossia Beirne (Text-figs. 112-123) Dikraneura ossia Beirne, 19526 : 251. Length: <$ 3-20-3-60 mm. (mean 3-41 mm.). $ 3-50-3-82 mm. (mean 3-67 mm.). Head with width equal to or slightly greater than that of pronotum, vertex moderately produced with apex broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length i times length next eyes, broadly rounded to face with latter approximately as long as wide, ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing slightly posteriorly. Colour of head pale brownish or sordid cream, paling laterally over genae, vertex sometimes washed with yellow with midline pale cream; eyes testaceous. Pronotum cream with disc sordid, pinkish or pale brownish, anterior margin on each side of midline yellowish; scutellum yellow; remainder of thorax dark brown. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area faintly subhyaline greenish yellow; apical half hyaline with veins creamish. Hind wings hyaline with veins dark brown. Female abdomen with dorsum dark brown, venter pale yellow- ish or cream with anterior half of sternites dark brown ; female pygofer pale yellowish or cream with dorsum and apex of ovipositor beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII pale yellowish or cream. (Colour of male abdomen not recordable). Male apodemes short, each with length subequal to width, directed dorsoposteriorly, some- times absent. Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. variata Hardy but with basal part of process directed more posteriorly. Aedeagus with preatrium and dorsally directed basal apodeme well devel- oped, the latter expanded apically ; shaft elongate, straight, directed dorsally, tapering towards REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 137 apex in posterior aspect and terminating in a pair of elongate, dorsoposteriorly directed pro- cesses, their bases expanded and united into a flattened plate, a pair of processes laterally im- mediately basad of apex, directed anterolaterally, a pair of short triangular processes on anterior margin immediately basad of midlength; gonopore on posterior margin immediately basad of lateral processes. Female genitalia with sternum VII as in D. variata Hardy. Distribution. Manitoba (Beirne, 19526). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Alaska, College, i <$, 5 , 22. ix. 1943 (/. C. Chamberlin); Alaska, Circle Hot Springs, 900', I $, 4.viii.i95i (H. C. Severiri). CANADA: Yukon, Dawson, i $, i6.vi.i949 (W. W.Judd); N. W. T., Norman Wells, i c, 23.vii.i949 (W. R. M. Mason); Man., Swan River, i <$, 2.viii.37 (R. H. Beamer] . FIGS. 112-123. Dikraneura ossia Beirne. 112, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 113, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 114, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 115, aedeagus, left lateral view; 116, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 115; 117, female genitalia, ventral view; 118, pygofer, posterior view; 119, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 120, connective, anterodorsal view; 121, connective, left lateral view; 122, left style, dorsal view; 123, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 138 W. J. KNIGHT New Records: Alaska, Yukon, North West Territory. The holotype <, allotype $ and 2 $,2$ paratypes (CANADA: Manitoba, Birch River, 3.viii.i937 (R. H. Beamer}) and i cjparatype (CANADA: Manitoba, Mafeking, 3.viii.i937 (R. H. Beamer)), all located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, were studied together with 2 <$ paratypes (CANADA: Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 17. v. 1926 (K. M. King) and Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 8.viii.i92- (K. M. King)} located in the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa. The type series of this species is mixed, the last two paratypes located in Ottawa being the closely related species D. hungerfordi Lawson. The former of these two specimens has the body missing from the point. Biology. Dikraneura ossia has been previously recorded only during August in Manitoba (Beirne, 19526). Specimens at hand show it to be present as early as June in the Yukon and as late as September in Alaska. Remarks. Dikraneura ossia is closely related to D. hungerfordi Lawson and is further discussed under the latter. The specimens of D. ossia from College, Alaska, differ in colour from the majority of specimens, having the disc of the pronotum and the basal half of the fore wings pink with vein Cu, to the base of the apical cell, whitish. Dikraneura hungerfordi Lawson (Text-figs. 124-137) Dikraneura hungerfordi Lawson, 19300 : 39. Length: <$ 3-08-3-40 mm. (mean 3-25 mm.). $ 3- 30-3- 60 mm. (mean 3-45 mm.). Form and colour as in D. ossia Beirne but with vertex slightly more produced in general, head more markedly wider than pronotum and with ventral surface of abdomen, except for lateral and posterior edges of sternites, dark brown to black. (Colour of abdomen not recordable) . Male apodemes as in D. ossia Beirne. Male genitalia with pygofer tapering abruptly posteriorly in lateral aspect and terminating in a narrow finger-like process directed posteromedially and then abruptly dorsolaterally and posteriorly, a small dorsal convexity immediately basad of process ; dorsolateral margin with a variable number of spine-like setae near midlength; lateral surface with short hair-like setae over medial area and long spine-like setae posteriorly. Aedeagus as in D. ossia Beirne but with shaft arched posteriorly to variable extent and with apical processes relatively shorter, narrower and more divergent. Female genitalia with lateral margins of sternum VII broadly rounded to transverse posterior margin, the latter deeply incised over medial third. Distribution. Michigan and Ontario (Lawson, 19300). Specimens seen. CANADA: Alta., Elkwater, i J, 23. ix. 1951 (A. R. Brooks); Sask., Saskatoon, i <$, 12. v. 1926, 2 $, 17^.1926, i $, 26^.1926, i , 12. vi. 1926, 3 $, 8.vi.i929, i , 22.vii.i929, i <$, I2.vii.i926 (K. M. King). UNITED STATES: Mich., Cheboygan Co., I <$, 2i.vii.i94i (C. Hubbs); Mich., Cheboygan Co., i $, 30.vii.47 (H. B. Hungerford) ; Pa., Spring Br., i , n.v.45 (no collector). REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA New Records: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Pennsylvania. 139 The holotype g, allotype $ and i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Mich., Douglas Lake, 2o.vii.i925 (H. B. Hungerford}}, i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Mich., Douglas Lake, I4.viii.i925 (H. B. Hungerford)} and i $ paratype (CANADA: Ont., FIGS. 124-137. Dikraneura hungerfordi Lawson. 124, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 125, male pygofer, posterior view; 126, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 127, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 128, aedeagus (Elkwater, Alberta), left lateral view; 129, aedeagus, ventral view in direction of arrow in fig. 130; 130, aedeagus (Cheboygan Co., Michigan), left lateral view; 131, same (Spring Br., Pennsylvania); 132, female genitalia, ventral view; 133, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 134, connective, anterior view; 135, connective, left lateral view; 136, left style, dorsal view; 137, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 140 W. J. KNIGHT Brockville, 5.viii.i903 (W. Metcalfe}}, located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, were studied. The 2 <$ paratypes of D. ossia Beirne from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, located in the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa, also belong to the present species. Biology. Dikraneura hungerfordi is active from early to late summer. Lawson (19300) recorded it during July and August in Michigan and August in Ontario while specimens at hand show it to be active as early as May in both Saskatchewan and Pennsylvania and as late as September in Alberta. Remarks. Dikraneura hungerfordi is closely related to D. ossia Beirne as can be seen by the shape of the aedeagus which differs mainly by the fact that in D. hungerfordi it is arched posteriorly, has the apical processes more slender and directed posterolaterally and the triangular processes on the anterior surface of the shaft minute. This arching of the shaft varies in degree between individuals (cf. Text-figs. 128, 130 and 131) and may assume a near upright position approaching that of D. ossia. In addition to the aedeagus, however, the two species show marked differences in both the male pygofer and the female Vllth sternum. Externally, in colour and appearance, the two species are very similar. There is a tendency, however, in D. hungerfordi for the vertex to be slightly more produced and for the head to be more markedly wider than the pronotum. D. ossia is also slightly longer. Geographically, D. ossia Beirne is more northern in distribution than D. hunger- fordi although their ranges appear to overlap in the area of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. There is no evidence of intermediate forms in the latter area to suggest a possible subspecific relationship although further collecting is un- doubtedly required. Dikraneura abnormis (Walsh) (Text-figs. 138-150) Chloroneura abnormis Walsh, 18620 : 149. Length: <$ 3-76-3-94 mm. (mean 3-88 mm.). $ 3-96-4-08 mm. (mean 4-01 mm.). Head with width equal to or slightly greater than that of pronotum, vertex angularly pro- duced with apex acutely rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length nearly twice length next eyes, narrowly rounded to face with latter approximately as long as wide, ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing posteriorly. Colour of face sordid cream or pale brownish, paling laterally over genae, vertex pale yellowish or whitish cream; eyes testaceous. Pronotum and scutellum pale yellowish or whitish cream, disc of former faintly sordid ; with a broad longitudinal vitta on each side of midline, from apex of vertex to posterior margin of pronotum red, sometimes faintly so or yellow; remainder of thorax dark brown marked laterally with yellow. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline red, sometimes faintly so or yellow, with internal edge of clavus, claval vein, claval suture, Cu to base of apical cell and basal half of cell Cu, whitish, costal margin pale yellowish; apical half hyaline, faintly smoked dark brown, veins yellowish. Hind wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown to black, with lateral margin yellow, venter yellow, anterior region of sternites often brown; male pygofer dark brown, paling ventrally to light brown, sometimes uniformly light brown; anal tube light brown, valve and subgenital plates concolorous cream, sometimes smoky; female pygofer pale stramineous with dorsum and apex of ovipositor beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII pale yellow. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 141 Male apodemes each with length less than width or subequal, directed dorsoposteriorly to anterior region of fourth segment. Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. variata Hardy. Aedeagus with preatrium only slightly developed, basal apodeme well developed, directed dorsally and expanded apically; shaft directed dorsally, short, exceeding basal apodeme only slightly in length, tapering towards apex and terminating in a pair of laterally directed processes which bifurcate more or less immedi- ately into a pair of divergent arms of subequal length, the entire structure appearing X-shaped in dorsal aspect; a pair of lateral processes just basad of apex, directed anterolaterally ; gono- pore on posterior margin, level with lateral processes. Female genitalia with posterior margin of sternum VII broadly rounded, slightly concave medially. 147 146 148 149 150 FIGS. 138-150. Dikraneura abnormis (Walsh). 138, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 139, aedeagus, left lateral view; 140, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 139; 141, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in n g- X 39; 142, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 143, left sub- genital plate, ventral view; 144, male pygofer, posterior view; 145, female genitalia, ventral view; 146, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 147, left style, dorsal view; 148, left style, left lateral view; 149, connective, anterodorsal view; 150, connective, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. i 4 2 W. J. KNIGHT Distribution. British Columbia (Downes, 19240), South Dakota (Severin, IQZIC), Minnesota (Medler, 19430), Wisconsin (Sanders & DeLong, 19170; Ball & DeLong, 19250), Iowa (Osborn & Ball, 18970; Ball & DeLong, 19250), Kansas (Crevecoeur, 19050; Tucker, 19070; Crumb, 19110; Lawson, 19200, 19290; Ball & DeLong, 19250), Missouri (Gibson & Cogan, 19150; Ball & DeLong, 19250), Oklahoma (Davidson & Shackleford, 19290), Texas (Gillette, 18980; Fletcher, 19300), Illinois (Walsh, 18620; Gillette, 18980; Ball & DeLong, 19250; McAtee, I926c; Jones, 19460), Kentucky (Young, 1949), Tennessee (DeLong, 19160), North Carolina (Metcalf, 19150; Brimley, 19380), South Carolina (Lathrop, 19170, 19190), Georgia (Fattig, 19550), Virginia (Ball & DeLong, 19250; Stearns, 19270), D.C. (Gillette, 18980; Ball & DeLong, 19250), Ohio (Osborn, 1900^, 19286; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Johnson, 19350), Pennsylvania (Wirtner, 19040; Ball & DeLong, 19250), New York (Ball & DeLong, 19250), Connecticut (DeLong, 19230; Ball & DeLong, 19250), Quebec (Moore, 19440, 19500), Bermuda (Hartzell, 19540). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Kans., La Cygne, i J, 5 $, 12. x. 1948, 3 3, i $, 10. x. 1948 (R. H. Beamer); 111., Marshall, 2 <$, 27. ix. 1934 (Prison & Ross) ; 111., Rocky Branch, Dolson, 2 ^, 6 ?, i8.vii.i934 (DeLong 6- Ross) ; Pa., Chambers- burg, i , io.ix.20 (T. L. Guyton); Md., Plummers Id., 3 <$, 2 9, 8.vi.i3, i $, I7.vi.i3, i $, 4.vii.i4, I $, 6.^.1913, i $, 9-V.I3 (W. L. McAtee); Md., nr. Plummers Id., i 9, 28.^.1915, i $, 24^.1914 (W. L. McAtee}. New Records: Maryland. Walsh's collection, which was housed in Chicago, was partly destroyed by Anthrenus and the remainder by fire (Horn, 1926). In his original description, Walsh makes no reference to the locality of D. abnormis although he does, in con- nection with the other two species described in the same paper, mention Bloomington and Rock Island, Illinois. In view of his long association with the state of Illinois (Howard, 1930; Essig, 19310) it is highly probable that his original type series of D. abnormis was also from that state. However, in the absence of suitable topo- typic material, a neotype was not designated. Biology. Dikraneura abnormis is active from the spring until the later summer, at least over the southeastern part of its range, having been taken as early as March in North Carolina (Metcalf, 19150; Brimley, 19380) and as late as November in Kansas (Crumb, 19110) and Virginia (Stearns, 19270). It has been recorded from grasses (Wirtner, 19040; Crumb, 19110; Gibson & Cogan, 19150; DeLong, 19160; Lawson, 19200; DeLong, 19230; Fletcher, 19300; Fattig, 19550), weeds (Crevecoeur, 19050; Crumb, 19110; DeLong, 19160), sedge (Crumb, 19110), shrubs (DeLong, 19160), vetch (Fattig, 19550), undergrowth in oak woods (Crumb, 19110), canebrakes (DeLong, 19160) and Aristida fields (Fletcher, 19300). Specific host plants are Parsonia sp. in pasture (Crumb, 19110), Carpinus sp. (Johnson, 19350), Paspalum vaginatum Sw. (Hartzell, 19540) and Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze (Hartzell, 19540). It has been recorded as injuring wheat in Texas (Gillette, 18980), grain in Connecticut (DeLong, 19230) and pasture in Georgia (Fattig, i955). REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 143 Remarks. The variation in the degree of development of the red colouration observed in the specimens at hand appears to be a seasonal phenomenon, those taken in April, May and June as well as September and October having the red colour well marked compared with those taken in July which have the pigment poorly developed. In his original description of this species, Walsh refers to the vittae on the vertex and pronotum as being " more or less obsolete ", that on the anal vein as being " obscure " and sometimes, together with another parallel to it but nearer to the costa, " obsolete ", while the abdomen is described as " black ". Although this description applies equally to the closely related species D. etiolata sp. n. as well as the July forms of the present species, the latter is interpreted as D. abnormis in view of its occurence in Illinois, D. etiolata being more easterly in distribution. The description of D. abnormis given by other workers (DeLong, 19160, 19230; Lawson, 19200; McAtee, 19240; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Osborn, 19286; Johnson, 19350), in which emphasis is placed on the possession of distinct vittae, further suggests that the present species is the true abnormis. DeLong & Caldwell (19370) however, in the only previous illustration of the male genitalia of " D. abnormis ", figure those of the following species, D. etiolata, although they make no mention of colour. Dikraneura abnormis is undoubtedly very closely related to D. etiolata sp. n. from which it differs by the more robust aedeagus with its X-shaped apical processes, a more produced and acutely angled vertex and the more intensely developed red colouration of the dorsal vittae and fore wings. Dikraneura etiolata sp. n. (Text-figs. 151-163) Length: $ 3-60-3-86 mm. (mean 3-78 mm.). $ 3-88-3-96 mm. (mean 3-92 mm.). Head with width equal to or slightly greater than that of pronotum, vertex angularly pro- duced, sometimes more so in female, with apex broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length approximately ij times length next eyes, narrowly rounded to face with latter approximately as long as wide, ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa; pronotum with lateral margins more or less parallel. Colour of head cream, paling laterally over genae and posterior half of vertex, frontoclypeus to near apex, and marginal sutures, washed with yellow, vertex with medial line whitish cream, a diffuse patch on each side yellow; eyes testaceous. Pronotum whitish cream, disc faintly sordid, a broad band on each side of midline yellow often tinged with red over its posterior two- thirds; scutellum whitish cream, basal angles yellow; remainder of thorax dark brown marked laterally with yellow. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline greenish yellow, often tinged with red, occasionally pale, with internal edge of clavus, claval suture and Cu to base of apical cell whitish ; apical half hyaline, faintly smoked with dark brown near apex, veins yellowish, paling to whitish apically. Hind wings hyaline, veins whitish. Abdomen with dorsum black, lateral margin yellow, venter dark brown with lateral and posterior margins of sternites yellow, entire sternite predominantly yellow in female; male pygofer and anal tube light brown, valve and subgenital plates concolorous cream; female pygofer pale stramineous with dorsum and ovipositor beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII pale stramineous. Male apodemes as in D. abnormis (Walsh). 144 W. J. KNIGHT Male genitalia as in D. abnormis (Walsh) but relatively larger, with aedeagus more elongate, apical processes H-shaped in dorsal aspect and with posterior branches approximately twice length of anterior ones and with lateral processes distad of gonopore. Female genitalia with sternum VII as in D. abnormis (Walsh). Holotype <$. UNITED STATES: Mich., Lake Gogebic, i8.viii.37 (R. H. Beamer), in Snow Museum, University of Kansas. Allotype . UNITED STATES: Pa., Port Matilda, 24.viii.i8 (/. G. Sanders), in DeLong Collection, Ohio State University. 154 155 156 152 157 158 159 162 163 FIGS. 151-163. Dikraneura etiolata sp. n. 151, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 152, aedeagus, left lateral view; 153, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 152; 154, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 152; 155, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 156, male pygofer, posterior view; 157, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 158, female genitalia, ventral view; 159, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 160, left style, dorsal view; 161, left style, left lateral view; 162, connective, anterodorsal view; 163, connective, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 145 Paratypes. UNITED STATES: I <$, same data as holotype, in Snow Museum, University of Kansas; Mich., Gogebic, i <$, i8.viii.37 (R. H. Beamer), in Snow Museum, University of Kansas; 3 <$, 3 $, same data as allotype, in DeLong Collec- tion, Ohio State University. Remarks. In addition to the male genitalia, Dikraneura etiolata, known only from Pennsylvania and Michigan, differs from D. abnormis (Walsh) by the shorter and more obtusely angled vertex, the less marked development of the longitudinal red vittae on the vertex and pronotum and the difference in colouration of the ventral surface of the abdomen. The true relationship of these two closely similar forms is not clear at the moment in view of the relatively short series of specimens available. The possibility that they are seasonal forms of the same species is un- likely since although D. etiolata has been taken only during the autumn, D. abnormis is known throughout the year. In view of the large number of differences and the absence of intermediate forms, they are currently considered as distinct species. Dikraneura urbana Ball & DeLong (Text-figs. 164-176) Dikraneura abnormis var. urbana Ball & DeLong, 19250 : 329. Dikraneura urbana Ball & DeLong; DeLong & Caldwell, i937 : 3- Length: $ 3-36-4-00 mm. (mean 3-63 mm.). $ 3-32-4-04 mm. (mean 3-72 mm.;. Head with width equal to or slightly narrower than that of pronotum, vertex angularly pro- duced with apex acutely rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length i|-2 times length next eyes, narrowly rounded to face with latter equal to or slightly longer than wide, ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing posteriorly. Colour of head cream with anteclypeus, frontoclypeus to near anterior margin, marginal sutures and disc of vertex on each side of midline washed with yellow, sometimes faintly so, rarely uniformly cream or brownish cream with above listed areas only slightly darker; eyes testaceous. Pronotum cream, disc sordid, pale brownish or pinkish, a broad band on each side of midline diffusely yellow, sometimes contiguous, sometimes pale and indistinct; scutellum yellowish; remainder of thorax with dorsum dark brown, venter pale stramineous or yellowish. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhy aline greenish yellow, often pale; apical half hyaline, faintly smoked with brown, with veins yellowish, paling to creamish apically. Hind wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown, lateral edges yellow, venter yellow, rarely brown with posterior edge of sternites yellow ; male pygofer dark brown, paling ventrally to light brown or cream, anal tube light or dark brown ; valve and sub- genital plates concolorous cream; female pygofer pale stramineous with dorsum sometimes washed with dark brown, ovipositor uniformly pale stramineous, sternum VII pale stramineous. Male apodemes short, each with length subequal to width, extending to anterior region of fourth segment. Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. variata Hardy. Subgenital plates with uniseriate row of spine-like setae along ventrolateral margin, becoming multiseriate apically and extending around apex, the basal half of series only slightly longer than distal half. Aedeagus with preatrium poorly developed, basal apodeme well developed, directed dorsally and expanding apically; shaft directed dorsally, robust, laterally compressed, tapering towards apex and terminating in a thin acute keel-like crest, with two pairs of subapical processes, a posterior pair diverging posterolaterally with their apices turned slightly dorsally and a much shorter and slightly more basad anterior pair diverging ventrolaterally ; gonopore on posterior margin immediately basad of posterior subapical processes. Female genitalia with sternum VII as in D. variata Hardy. i 4 6 W. J. KNIGHT Distribution. Iowa (Ball & DeLong, 1925*; DeLong & Caldwell, 19370), Minne- sota (Medler, 19430), Ohio (Johnson, 19350), New Hampshire (Lowry, 19330). Specimens seen. CANADA: Ont., Maynooth, i $, 6.ix.i953 (B. P. Beirne); N. B., Fredericton, i , 2i.viii.i933 (C. W. B. Maxwell}. UNITED STATES: Me., Orono, i $, 29 . vii . 13 (H. Osborri) ; Me. , Orono, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. , i $, 31 . vii . 1918 (H. Osborn); Me., nr. Harpswell, i , I2.viii.i3 (H. Osborn); Me., Mt. Katahdin, i,ooo'-i,5oo', i <, 3 $, 22.viii.i3 (H. Osborn); N. Y., Heart Lake, i <$, 30. vii. 1946 175 176 FIGS. 164-176. Dikraneura urbana Ball & DeLong. 164, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 165, aedeagus, left lateral view; 166, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 165; 167, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 165; 168, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 169, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 170, male pygofer, posterior view; 171, connective, anterodorsal view; 172, connective, left lateral view; 173, female genitalia, ventral view; 174, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 175, left style, dorsal view; 176, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 147 (R. H. Beamer); N. Y., Fredonia, i <$, 2i.vii.46 (R. H. Beamer); Mass., Woods Hole, i ?, I5.vii/6.viii.i8 (C. E. Olsen); Conn., New Haven, i <, 20.viii.34 (R- H. Beamer); Pa., Hartstown B'g., i , 24.vi.ig, 2 $, g.viii.ig, i $, 2.vii.ig (Mrs. DeLong); Pa., Landisburg, i <, 3 $, 4.vii.i8 (/. G. Sanders); Pa., Cresson, 2 $, 25.vii.i8 (/. AT". Knull); Pa., Waynesburg, i $, I7.vii.ig (D. M. DeLong); Pa., N. Bloomsfield, i $, i6.vii.20 (/. G. Sanders); Pa., Centre Co., Bear Meadows, i $, 22.viii.i8 (/. G. Sanders); Pa., Tyrone, I $, 26.vii.i7 (/. G. Sanders); Pa., Ohio PI., i ?, i8.vii.ig (D. M. DeLong); N. J., Singae, i $, 20 . viii . 16 (wo collector) ; Md., Ocean City, I <$, 18 . vi . 18 (/. G. Sanders) ; Md., Plummers Id., i ^, 8. viii. 43, 3 $, 2 $, 25. viii. 43, i ^, 4 $, 28. viii. 43 (/?. ^f. Beamer}; D. C., Washington, i ^, 25.x. 06 (/. G. Sanders}; Va., Arlington, 4 ^, i. viii. 43, 6 $, 3 ?, I2.ix.43 (/?. H. Beamer}; Va., Battle Pt., I ?, 22.vi.i8 (/. G. Sanders}; Va., Cp. Charles, i $, 3i.vii.20 (D. M. DeLong}; Ohio, Akron, 2 ^, 2 $, no date (H. Osborn) ; Ohio, W T ooster, i <$, no date (//^. Osborn) ; Kentucky, Cadiz, i c?> 3O-vi.ig38 (R. H. Beamer) ; Tenn., Clarksville, i <$, 5.vii.ig39 (R. H. Beamer) ; N. C., mountains, i <, ig37-ig38 (Z. P. Metcalf); N. C., Raleigh, i $, v.og (Z. P. Metcalf); N .C., Morrow Mtn. State Park, i , i8.viii.37 (R. H. Beamer}; Me., Orono, i $, 5.viii.i3 (H. Osborn). New Records: Ontario, Michigan, Maine. The holotype $, allotype ?, 2 $, 3 ? paratypes (UNITED STATES: Minn., Taylor's Falls, i6.viii.i6 (D. M. DeLong}} and i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Wis., Bay- field, io.ix.i6 (D. M. DeLong}}, all located in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, were studied. One paratype, also in the DeLong Collection, with the same data as the holotype, has its abdomen missing. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 149 178 J 177 179 181 \ i83 V tf 180 182 184 186 190 191 192 193 FIGS. 177-193. Dikraneura rubrala DeLong & Caldwell. 177, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 178, male pygofer, posterior view; 179, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 180, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 181, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 182; 182, aedeagus (Douglas Lake, Michigan), left lateral view; 183, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 184; 184, aedeagus (Douglas Lake, Michigan), left lateral view; 185, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 186; 186, aedeagus (Gillette, Wisconsin), left lateral view; 187, connective, antero- dorsal view; 188, connective, left lateral view; 189, female genitalia, ventral view; 190, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 184 ; 191, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 192, left style, dorsal view; 193, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 150 W. J. KNIGHT Biology. Dikraneura rubrala has been previously recorded only during August in both Minnisota and Wisconsin (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370;). Specimens at hand indicate this month also for Manitoba, Michigan and Maine as well as Wisconsin. The remaining specimens were taken during May in Manitoba suggesting a longer period of activity than otherwise indicated. Remarks. Dikraneura rubrala resembles D. rufula Gillette in general appearance and colour but with the vertex slightly less acutely angled in dorsal aspect. They may be readily distinguished by the male genitalia. It is also similar to D. abnormis (Walsh) but shorter, with the vertex less produced and less acute apically and with the disc of the pronotum red and without the distinct longitudinal vittae of D. abnormis. The reddish colouration of D. rubrala however is sometimes pale or occasionally absent with the patches on the vertex yellow, the disc of the pronotum pale brownish and the basal half of the fore wings pale greenish yellow. On the basis of the male genitalia and abdominal apodemes, D. rubrala is most closely related to D. ossia Beirne. The aedeagus of both species is similar in the expansion of the apical processes into a flattened shield-like plate and the possession of lateral processes just basad of the apex. The shape of the apical plate and pro- cesses however is diagnostic for each species while the pygofer of D. rubrala lacks the dorsal convexity at the base of the posterior process. The colouration of the two species is also distinct. Dikraneura arizona DeLong & Caldwell (Text-figs. 194-211) Dikraneura (Notus) arizona DeLong & Caldwell, 1937*3 : 26. Length: 3- 30-3- 92 mm. (mean 3-67 mm.). $ 3' 62-4- 28 mm. (mean 3-96 mm.). Head with width greater than that of pronotum, rarely equal, vertex angularly produced with apex acutely rounded in dorsal aspect, rarely broadly so, sometimes more markedly pro- duced and acutely angled in female, medial length if-2 times length next eyes, narrowly rounded to face with latter as long as or slightly longer than wide, ocellocular area approxi- mately ij times width of antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing only slightly posteriorly, often parallel-sided. Colour of head sordid cream with midline of vertex slightly paler, apical areas of face and vertex washed with dark brown, the two patches tapering towards and meeting at extreme apex, marginal sutures orange or red with marginal area between them, and a small spot above antenna, cream; frontoclypeus washed with red; anteclypeus and lora yellowish; genae cream; eyes testaceous. Pronotum with disc pale brownish, reddish brown or pale sordid pinkish, anterior and lateral edges cream marked with yellow or pale orange; scutellum cream with basal angles and medial area yellow; remainder of thorax dark brown marked laterally with yellow. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline brownish or greenish yellow, often pale; apical half hyaline smoked with dark brown, veins yellowish paling to cream apically. Hind wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum and venter black, latter sometimes dark brown over posterior half and occasionally over entire venter, sternites with posterior edge rarely yellow or white; male pygofer and anal tube dark brown, occasionally black, valve and subgenital plates concolorous cream, sometimes smoky, valve occasionally brown to dark brown ; female pygofer cream with dorsum and apex of ovi- positor beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII cream. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA FIGS. 194-211. Dikraneura arizona DeLong & Caldwell. 194, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view (male); 195, same (female); 196, female genitalia, ventral view; 197, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 198, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral aspect; 199, male pygofer, posterior view; 200, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 201; 201, aedeagus (Cloudcroft, New Mexico), left lateral view; 202, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 201; 203, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 204, aedeagus (Mexico City, Mexico), left lateral view; 205, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 204 ; 206, aedeagus (Vera Cruz, Mexico), left lateral view; 207, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 206; 208, connective, anterior view; 209, connective, left lateral view; 210, left style, dorsal view; 211, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 152 W. J. KNIGHT Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately twice width, extending to posterior end of fourth segment. Male genitalia with pygofer tapering posteriorly in lateral aspect and terminating in a narrow finger-like process directed dorsoposteriorly then abruptly dorsolaterally, an elongate sclerite free within membrane dorsomesad of base of process; dorsolateral margin with a row of spine- like setae along medial sector; lateral surface with setae scattered over medial area. Sub- genital plates with uniseriate row of spine-like setae along ventrolateral margin of uniform length, extending around apex. Aedeagus with preatrium short, basal apodeme well developed, directed dorsally and expanded apically; shaft directed dorsally, tapering towards apex and terminating in a pair of flattened, posteriorly directed processes, a pair of posterolateral pro- cesses near midlength, directed dorsally and of variable length, a pair of minute widely divergent obtusely angled triangular processes on anterior margin near base; gonopore on posterior margin, elongate along distal half of shaft. Female genitalia with posterolateral angles of sternum VII broadly rounded, posterior margin broadly convex, sometimes mildly produced medially, rarely slightly concave medially. Distribution. Colorado, Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, 1937^), Mexico (Ruppel & DeLong, 19530). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: S. D., Custer, 13 <$, 26.viii.i935 (M. W. Sanderson}; Cal., Guatay, i <$, 3 $, 2i.vii.4i (E. L. Todd); Nev., Austin, 2 <$, I2.viii.40 (D. E. Hardy); Colo., Monument, 2 <, i8.viii.36 (R. H. Beamer); Colo., Durango, 2 <$, 2.vii.37 (R. H. Beamer), i $, 2.vii.i937 (L. D. Tuthill}; Colo., Estes Park, i $, i8.viii.29 (D. A. Wilbur}; Colo., Glen Haven, 1^,1$, 25.vii.iQ47, i ?, 3.viii.i947 (P. B. 6- E. R. Lawson); Colo., Pinecliffe, i <$, 9^.1949 (R. H. Beamer}; Colo., Mesa Verde, i $, 3 .vii.1937 (L. D. Tuthill); Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., i d, io.vii.i95o (R. H. Beamer); Ariz., Oak Creek, i <$, I3.xii.39 (Christensori); N. M., Cloudcroft, i $, I4.vii.36, 13 <$, 27.vi.40 (R. H. Beamer}, 4 <$, 8 $, 27. vi. 1940 (L. J. Lipovsky}, 6 <$, 27.vi.40 (D. E. Hardy}, 4 <, 3 $, 27. vi. 1940 (L. C. Kuitert}; N. M., Ruidoso, i <$, 26.vi.40 (R. H. Beamer), i $, 26.vi.4O (L. J. Lipovsky), 2 $, 26. vi. 1940 (L. C. Kuitert); N. M., Cowles, 2 <$, i8.vii.36 (R. H. Beamer); N. M., Mountain Park, i <$, 2 $, 27.vi.40 (L. J. Lipovsky} ; N. M., Shiprock, i <, 27.vii.38 (D.J. & J. N. Knull); N. M., Tajique, 1^,25. vi. 41 (L. H. Banker), i , i $, 25.vi.4O (R. H. Beamer), i $, 25.vi.40 (D. E. Hardy). MEXICO: Morelos, 10 km. N. Cuerna- vaca, i <$, 28.xii.i949 (/. G. Shaw}; 50 km. E. Mexico City, i <$, 29.xii.i949 (R. H. Beamer); Hildago, Jacala, i <, 2.1.1950 (/. G. Shaw}; Vera Cruz, 9 miles N.W. Jalapa, i $, 3i.xii.i949 (/. G. Shaw}, i , 3i.xii.i949 (R. H. Beamer), 16 $, 31 .xii. 1949 (L. D. Beamer) ; Chalpultepec, i $, no date, (Koebele). New Records: South Dakota, California, Nevada, New Mexico. The holotype <$, allotype $ and 2 $ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Colo., El Paso Co., 19. vi.29 (R. S. Martin)), i <$, 4 $ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., i2.vi.33 (R. H. Beamer)), i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., I7.vii.32 (R. H. Beamer)), i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Chiricahua Mts., 8.vii.32 (R. H. Beamer)), i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Granite Dell, 30.vii.33 (R. H. Beamer)) and i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Colo., Douglas Co., 27. vi.29 C^ S. Martin)), all located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, were studied, i <$ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., i7.vii.32 (R. H. Beamer}} and i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Huachuca Mts., 8.vii.32 REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 153 (R. H. Beamer)), located in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, were also studied. Biology. Records for Dikraneura arizona are limited to June and July in Arizona and June in Colorado (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370.). Of the specimens at hand, June in New Mexico is again the earliest it has been taken. The latest is December in Arizona and Mexico apart from one specimen taken in the latter locality in January. This species, together with other members of the genus in Mexico, is apparently restricted to the pine regions of the higher altitudes (Ruppel & DeLong, 19530). Remarks. Apart from slight differences in the direction of curvature of the pygofer processes, the individual variation of the male genitalia of Dikraneura arizona is negligible. A marked geographical variation is present, however, in the relative length of the lateral processes of the aedeagus. Throughout the United States, from South Dakota to New Mexico, California and Arizona, their length is constant and as illustrated in Text-figs. 201 and 202. Further south in Mexico there is a marked decrease in the length of these processes, the majority being as illustrated in Text-figs. 204 and 205 with one individual (Text-figs. 206 and 207) showing them still smaller. There is no external difference between the United States and Mexican specimens. Dikraneura arizona is similar externally to D. carneola (Stal) but may be recognized by the generally sordid cream rather than yellowish colour of the head and by the dark brown smoky apical areas of the face and vertex. Although similar in male genitalia to D. carneola and related species, D. arizona is unique by the aedeagus having dorsally rather than anteriorly directed posterolateral processes and the presence at the base of the pygofer process of a distinct sclerite within the surround- ing membrane. Dikraneura triangulata sp. n. (Text-figs. 212-223) Length: $ 4-36-4-38 mm. (mean 4-37 mm.). Head with width much greater than that of pronotum, vertex only slightly produced with anterior and posterior margins broadly rounded and approximately parallel, broadly rounded to face with latter wider than long, frontoclypeus slightly tumid, ocellocular area i times width of antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing posteriorly. Colour of head light orange-brown, paling laterally over genae to cream, anteclypeus yellowish, facial sutures below antennae dark brown, marginal sutures orange, rim of small aperture approximately central on each gena dark brown; eyes testaceous. Pronotum dirty yellow, disc sordid or pale brownish; scutellum yellow; remainder of thorax dark brown marked laterally with yellow. Legs pale stramineous, sordid, washed at least basally with yellow. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline sordid yellow; apical half hyaline, faintly smoky brownish, veins creamish. Hind wings hyaline pale smoky brown, veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum black with lateral edges of posterior segments yellow, venter with anterior segments black, posterior segments dark brown, with lateral and posterior edges of sternites yellow or whitish yellow; male pygofer dark brown, anal tube black, valve dark brown, subgenital plates with basal area smoky yellow, apical area brown. Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately twice width, extending to posterior margin of fourth segment. 154 W. J. KNIGHT Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. latacephala Beamer but with posterior processes straight and directed dorsally and with a group of microspines posterior to lateral setae and immediately basad of process. Subgenital plates much thicker laterally than usual. Aedeagus with prea- trium and dorsally directed basal apodeme well developed; shaft curving dorsally from preatrium, robust, tapering towards apex and terminating in a laterally compressed, acute, posteriorly curved, medial crest; a pair of narrow posteriorly directed elongate processes on posterior margin immediately basad of apex; a pair of broadly triangular, posterolateral processes immediately distad of midlength, directed anterolaterally ; gonopore on posterior margin, immediately distad of posterolateral processes. Female unknown. FIGS. 212-223. Dikraneura triangulata sp. n. 212, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 213, face; 214, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 215, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 216, male pygofer, posterior view; 217, aedeagus, left lateral view; 218, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 217; 219, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 220, connective, left lateral view; 221, connective, anterodorsal view; 222, left style, dorsal view; 223, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 155 Holotype <$. MEXICO: D. F., La Guarda, K 40, 26.x. 41 (DeLong, Good, Caldwell & Plummer), in the U.S. National Museum. Paratype. i <$, same data as holotype, in the U.S. National Museum. Biology. Dikraneura triangulata is known only from the holotype and paratype taken in Mexico during October. Remarks. In general appearance, Dikraneura triangulata is similar to D. robusta Lawson in its more or less unproduced vertex and short wide face with the fronto- clypeus slightly tumid and the ocellocular area much wider than the antennal fossa. These characters are unique within the genus and are shown to a lesser degree by only one other species, D. latacephala Beamer. D. triangulata however is much larger than D. robusta and differs greatly in the male genitalia. It is perhaps most closely related to D. ungulata Beamer and D. latacephala in the ventroposterior origin of the pygofer processes and the absence of a dorsal convexity at their base although is characterized by the processes being straight and directed dorsally rather than recurved. The aedeagus of D. triangulata is unique within the genus in its triangular rather than elongate posterior processes and the medial crest at its apex, the latter being found also in only D. urbana Ball & DeLong. Dikraneura latacephala Beamer (Text-figs. 224-236) Dikraneura latacephala Beamer, 19436 : 57. Length: < 3- 50-3-64 mm. (mean 3-54 mm.). 3-64-4-40 mm. (mean 3-90 mm.). Head with width greater than that of pronotum, vertex moderately produced with apex broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length i^-ij times length next eyes, slightly more produced in female, broadly rounded to face with latter slightly wider than long, frontoclypeus slightly tumid, ocellocular area ij times width of antennal fossa; pronotum with width in- creasing only slightly posteriorly or parallel-sided. Colour of head cream or pale brownish, paling laterally over genae; eyes testaceous. Prono- tum cream, disc faintly sordid; scutellum pale yellowish cream; remainder of thorax with dorsum dark brown, venter pale stramineous. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area whitish subopaque becoming hyaline apically, veins whitish. Hind wings hyaline, veins whitish. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown with lateral edges pale yellow or cream, venter pale yellow; male pygofer and anal tube dark brown, former paling ventrolaterally to cream, valve and subgenital plates concolorous cream ; female pygofer cream with dorsum and apex of ovi- positor beyond pygofer dark brownish, sternum VII cream. Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately twice width, extending to posterior end of fourth segment. Male genitalia 4 with pygofer tapering abruptly posteriorly in lateral aspect and terminating in a narrow finger-like process directed posterodorsally with apex turned dorsolaterally ; dorso- lateral margin with a row of spine-like setae along vertically inclined sector immediately distad of midlength ; lateral surface with hair-like setae over posterior half. Subgenital plates with uniseriate row of spine-like setae along ventrolateral margin of uniform length. Aedeagus with preatrium well developed, basal apodeme directed dorsally; shaft directed dorsally, tapering towards apex and terminating in a pair of large laterally compressed posteriorly directed pro- cesses, their apices turned slightly mesad ; posterior margin produced approximately one-third 4 Pygofer, subgenital plates, and connective in available specimens poorly sclerotized and partially membranous, typical of parasitized specimens. The shaft of the aedeagus, the styles and the abdominal apodemes, however, are well sclerotized and normal. 156 W. J. KNIGHT distance from apex as an elongate posterodorsally directed medial spine; a pair of short posterior processes immediately basad of posterior spine, directed laterally and then anteriorly ; gonopore on posterior margin at base of medial spine, between latter and posterior processes. Female genitalia with posterolateral angles of sternum VII broadly rounded, posterior margin broadly convex, sometimes mildly produced medially. 236 FIGS. 224-236. Dikraneura latacephala Beamer. 224, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 225, face; 226, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 227, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plates, left lateral view; 228, aedeagus, left lateral view; 229, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 228; 230, female genitalia, ventral view; 231, male pygofer, posterior view; 232, connective, anterodorsal view; 233, connective, left lateral view; 234, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 235, left style, dorsal view; 236, left style, left lateral view. Scale of fig. 234 as shown, rest as in figs. 1-16. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 157 Distribution. Colorado (Beamer, 19436). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Colo., Pagosa Springs, 5 9, 5.vii.ig37 (L. D. Tuthill); Colo., Durango, i 9, 2.vii.i937 (L. D. Tuthill); Colo., Creede, 2 9, 6.vii. 1937, i 9, 24. vi. 1936, 2 9, 28. vi. 1937 (L. D. Tuthill}; Colo., Spring Cr. Pass, 4 9, 29. vi. 1937 (L. D. Tuthill). The holotype $, allotype 9 and 14 9 paratypes (UNITED STATES: Colo., Creede, 6.vii.i937 (R.H. Beamer)) and i <$, 7 9 paratypes (UNITED STATES: Colo., Pagosa Springs, 5.vii.i937 (R. H. Beamer}}, located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, were studied. One paratype (UNITED STATES: Colo., Pagosa Springs, 5.vii.i937 (R. H. Beamer}}, also located in the Snow Museum, has its abdomen missing. Biology. Apparently restricted to Colorado, Dikraneura latacephala has been recorded during July (Beamer, 19436). Specimens at hand show it to be active in the state during both June and July. Remarks. Dikraneura latacephala is similar to D. robusta Lawson and to a lesser extent D. triangulata sp. n., in the shape of the head although it is readily distin- guished from either of these species by means of the male genitalia. The male pygofer and the abdominal apodemes of D. latacephala resemble those of D. ungulata Beamer and D. triangulata while the aedeagus resembles that of D. ungulata, as well as D. rufula Gillette and D. retusa Beamer, in the elongate spine on the posterior margin. Dikraneura ungulata Beamer (Text-figs. 237-242) Dikraneura ungulata Beamer, 19436 : 55. Length: <$ 4-20 mm. 9 4'3-4'4 mm. (mean 4-35 mm.). Head with width slightly greater than that of pronotum, vertex angularly produced with med- ial length twice length next eyes, apex acutely rounded in dorsal aspect ; pronotum with width increasing slightly posteriorly. Colour of head pale yellow, paling laterally over genae to whitish, frontoclypeus and anterior area of vertex faintly smoked brownish or reddish. Pronotum pale yellow, disc whitish or faintly reddish; scutellum pale yellow; remainder of thorax pale yellow, in parts brownish. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area colourless opaque or pale reddish; apical half hyaline. Abdomen dark brown to black; female pygofer stramineous with dorsum and apex of ovipositor beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII pale stramineous. (Colour of male genital capsule not obtainable). Male apodemes elongate, length of each twice width, extending to near midlength of fifth segment. Male genitalia with pygofer and subgenital plates as in D. latacephala Beamer but with pos- terior processes directed dorsomesally and then abruptly dorsolaterally near midlength. Aedea- gus with preatrium short; basal apodeme elongate, laterally compressed, directed dorsally and expanding at apex in lateral aspect; shaft elongate, directed dorsally, tapering gradually towards apex, the latter turned posteriorly and terminating in a pair of elongate posteroventrally directed processes, their apices turned mesad and crossed, posterior margin of shaft produced approximately one-fifth distance from apex as an elongate dorsoposteriorly directed spine-like 158 W. J. KNIGHT process terminating just short of apical processes; a pair of very short lateral processes near base of shaft, directed laterally and then anteriorly ; gonopore on posterior margin immediately basad of posterior spine. Female genitalia as in D. urbana Ball & DeLong with posterolateral angles of sternum VII broadly rounded, posterior margin transverse. Distribution. Arizona (Beamer, 19436). Specimens seen. Holotype J, UNITED STATES : Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., iS.viii. 35 (E. I. Beamer}; allotype $ and I $ paratype, UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., i8.viii.35 (R- H. Beamer}, all in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas. 239 242 FIGS. 237-242. Dikraneura ungulata Beamer. 237, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 238, male pygofer and valve, left lateral view; 239, aedeagus, left lateral view; 240, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 239; 241, male pygofer, posterior view ; 242, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view. Scale as shown with male pygofer and abdominal apodemes to same scale. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 159 Biology. Dikraneura ungulata has been recorded only once, during August in Arizona (Beamer, 19436), and its biology is unknown. Remarks. Dikraneura ungulata is closely related to D. rufula Gillette in the shape of the aedeagus although it differs greatly in the shape of the pygofer which is more similar to that of D. latacephala Beamer. It resembles the former of these species in the general shape of the head but lacks its well developed red colouration. Dikraneura retusa Beamer (Text-figs. 243-256) Dikraneura retusa Beamer, 19436 : 55. Length: $ 3-20-3-50 mm. (mean 3-33 mm.). $ 3-50 mm. Head with width greater than that of pronotum, vertex moderately produced with apex broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length i times length next eyes, broadly rounded to face with latter approximately as long as wide, ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa ; pronotum with width increasing only slightly posteriorly, or parallel-sided. Colour of head pale brownish or sordid cream, paling laterally on genae, vertex washed with yellow; eyes testaceous. Pronotum yellow marked laterally and often medially at anterior border with cream, disc sordid or pale brownish, often pink; scutellum yellow; remainder of thorax dark brown marked laterally with yellow. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline greenish yellow, often faintly so, often pink; apical half hyaline, pale smoky brown, veins creamish. Hind wings hyaline with veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown to black, lateral edge yellow, venter dark brown to black, sternites with lateral and posterior edges yellow; male pygofer and anal tube dark brown, valve dark brown, subgenital plates light brown; female pygofer yellowish cream with dorsum and apex of ovi- positor beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII yellowish cream. Male apodemes each with length approximately ij times width, extending to near posterior margin of fourth segment. Male genitalia as in D. rufula Gillette but with microspines on pygofer rarely present and with aedeagus more elongate, apical processes directed more dorsoposteriorly, lateral processes relatively larger and arising posterolaterally immediately basad of gonopore and anterior processes reduced. Female genitalia with sternum VII as in D. omani sp. n. Distribution. California (Beamer, 19436). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Cal., Golden Gate, 4 <$, i7.vii.33 (R. H. Beamer}; Cal., Monterey, I <$, 22.vii.35 (JR. H. Beamer}; Cal., Santa Rosa, i <^, i6.viii.38 (R. H. Beamer); Cal., Berkeley, I $, ix.i9i4 (H. H. P. Severin}. Holotype <$, allotype ?, i <$ paratype (UNITED STATES: Cal., Stinson Beach, I5.viii.38 (R. H. Beamer}}, 12 $ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Cal., Monterey, 22.vii.35 (R- H. Beamer)), i <$ paratype (UNITED STATES: Cal., Monterey, 22.vii.35 (/. Beamer)), 2 <$ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Cal., Monterey, 22.vii.35 (E- I- Beamer}}, i <$ paratype (UNITED STATES: Cal., Monterey, 22.vii.35 (J- Russell)), 3 <$ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Cal., Mt. Tamalpais, I5.viii.38 (R. H. Beamer}} and i $ paratype (UNITED STATES: Cal., Sargent, 22.vii.35 (R. H. Beamer}}, located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, were also studied. 4 $ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Cal., Monterey, io.viii.38 (R. H. Beamer}} and 4 $ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Cal., Monterey, 22.vii.35 (R. H. Beamer}}, also located in the Snow Museum, are D. rufula Gillette. i6o W. J. KNIGHT 253 255 256 FIGS. 243-256. Dikraneura retusa Beamer. 243, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 244, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 248; 245, male pygofer, posterior view; 246, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 248; 247, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 248, aedeagus (Monterey, California), left lateral view ; 249, same (Golden Gate, California); 250, same (Berkeley, California); 251, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 252, connective, left lateral view; 253, connective, anterior view; 254, left style, dorsal view; 255, left style, left lateral view; 256, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. Biology. Dikraneura retusa, found only in the San Francisco-Monterey area of California, has been recorded during July and August (Beamer, 19436). Specimens at hand show it to be present also during September. Remarks. As far as at present known, Dikraneura retusa has a very restricted distribution. Its relationship to the closely related and more widely dispersed species D. rufula Gillette is discussed under the latter. Dikraneura rufula Gillette (Text-figs. 257-276) Dicraneura abnormis var. rufula Gillette, 18980 : 720. Dikraneura rufula Gillette; Ball & DeLong, 192501 : 329. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 161 Length: <$ 3-32-3-76 mm. (mean 3-54 mm.). 3-44-3-88 mm. (mean 3-75 mm.). Head with width equal to or slightly greater than that of pronotum, vertex angularly pro- duced with apex acutely rounded in dorsal aspect, medial length approximately twice length next eyes, narrowly rounded to face with latter as long as or slightly longer than wide, ocell- ocular area equal in width to antennal fossa ; pronotum with width increasing only slightly posteriorly. Colour of head pale brownish or sordid cream, paling over vertex and laterally over genae, a small patch on face above antenna whitish, sometimes indistinct, vertex with a patch on each side of midline over posterior half reddish or orange; eyes testaceous. Pronotum with disc pinkish or reddish, anterior and lateral edges cream marked with yellow or pale orange, a patch at anterior margin on each side of midline immediately posterior to those on vertex reddish, orange, or yellow, sometimes indistinct; scutellum cream or yellow with basal angles and medial area in parts reddish orange; remainder of thorax dark brown marked laterally with cream or yellow. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal half subhyaline reddish; apical half hyaline, pale smoky brown, veins red. Hind wings hyaline with veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown to black with lateral edges of posterior, and occasionally all, segments yellow, venter dark brown to black, sternites with posterior and lateral edges usually cream or yellow; male pygofer and anal tube dark brown, valve brown, subgenital plates cream or brownish cream; female pygofer stramineous with dorsum and ovipositor beyond pygofer dark brown, sternum VII pale stramineous. Colour pattern rarely devoid of red with disc of pronotum sordid, patches on vertex yellowish and basal area of fore wings greenish yellow. Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately 3 times width, extending to near midlength of fifth segment. Male genitalia with pygofer tapering abruptly posteriorly to an elongate dorsoposteriorly directed lobe, the latter terminating in a short peg-like process directed dorsolaterally and posteriorly ; lateral surface with numerous setae scattered over posterior half to base of posterior lobe with a small group of microspines ventrolaterally immediately posterior to setae. Aedeagus with preatrium moderately developed ; dorsally directed basal apodeme well developed ; shaft elongate, directed dorsoposteriorly, tapering towards apex with latter curving posteriorly and terminating in a pair of short robust processes directed ventroposteriorly, an acute medial spine on posterior surface immediately basad of apical processes and directed dorsoposteriorly, the apex in lateral aspect appearing deeply emarginate posteriorly; a pair of elongate lateral processes near midlength of shaft but variable in origin along its length, directed anteriorly and diverging laterally, their apices turned dorsad ; a pair of shorter divergent dagger-like processes on anterior margin near midlength directed anteriorly; gonopore on posterior margin immedi- ately basad of medial spine. Female genitalia with lateral margins of sternum VII broadly rounded to transverse posterior margin. Distribution. British Columbia (Beirne, 19526), Quebec (Moore, 19500), Cali- fornia (Gillette, 18980; Ball & DeLong, 19250; Lawson, 1930^; DeLong & Caldwell, 19370; Beamer, 19436), Utah (Lawson, 1930^). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Wash., Du Pont, 3 <, 5 . vii.35 (R. H. Beamer} ; Ore., Yoncalla, i <$, 12. vii.35 (^- H. Beamer); Cal., Giant Forest, 6 <$, 28.vii.29 (R. H. Beamer} ; Cal., Marin Co., 2 <, 3.viii.29 (R. H. Beamer} ; Cal., Stinson Beach, 2 <$, i5.viii.38 (R. H. Beamer); Cal., Tulare Co., 27 , zg.vii.2g (R. H. Beamer); Cal., Tulare Co., Wood L., I <, 3.xi.i947 (N. W. Frazier); Cal., Sequoia Nat. Pk., i (J, i , 6.40.viii (R. H. Beamer), i <$, 6.viii.i940 (L. J. Lipovsky), 4 $, 3 ?, 6.viii.i94o (D. E. Hardy}; Cal., Yosemite Pk., 6 <$, io.viii.30 (no collector}; Cal., Yosemite N. Pk., i <, i.viii.i940 (L. J. Lipovsky}; Cal., Yosemite Valley, 2 , io.vii.33 (R- H. Beamer); Cal., Gen. Grant Pk., 5 $, I2.viii.30 (no collector); Cal., Ventura, i $, 20.vii.33 (R- H. Beamer}; Cal., Lafayette, i $, I4.vii.33 (R. H. 1 62 W. J. KNIGHT 268 269 270 271 272 274 273 275 276 FIGS. 257-276. Dikraneura rufula Gillette. 257, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 258, female genitalia, ventral view; 259, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 265; 260, male pygofer, posterior view; 261, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 265; 262, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 263, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 264, aedeagus (Tulare Co., California), left lateral view; 265, same (Tulare Co., California); 266, same (Tulare Co., California); 267, same (Monterey, California); 268, same (Monterey, California); 269, same (Monterey, California); 270, same (Marin Co., California); 271, same (Cuya- maca Lake, California); 272, left style, dorsal view; 273, left style, left lateral view; 274, connective, anterodorsal view; 275, connective, left lateral view; 276, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view. Scale as in figs, i 16. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 163 Beamer}', Cal., Garberville, I $, i5.vii.35 (R. H. Beamer}; Cal., Fresno Co., I $, vii.igig (F. E. Blaisdell); Cal., Leona Heights, i , 22.x. 1941 (Cook 6- York); Cal., Cuyamaca Lake, 2 <$, 6.vii.29 (R. H. Beamer) ; Cal., Monterey, 8 , io.viii.38 (R. H. Beamer). New Records: Washington, Oregon. The <$ neotype (UNITED STATES: Cal., Dunsmuir, 2g.vi.35 (R. H. Beamer)), designated by Beamer (19436) and located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, was also studied. As stated under D. retusa Beamer, eight paratypes of the latter species (UNITED STATES: Cal., Monterey, 4 $, io.viii.38 (R. H. Beamer); Cal., Monterey, 4 <$, 22.vii.35 (R. H. Beamer)), also located in the Snow Museum, are in fact D. rufula. Biology. Dikraneura rufula has been previously recorded during June in Cali- fornia (Beamer, 19436). Specimens at hand were taken during July in Washington, Oregon and California and as late as November in the latter state. Remarks. Dikraneura rufula may be distinguished externally from the closely related species D. retusa Beamer by its more produced and acutely rounded vertex, by the head and pronotum being more or less of equal width and by its distinct reddish colouration. It may be further distinguished from D. retusa by the longer male apodemes, the longer and more acute anterior processes of the aedeagus, the smaller size and location of the lateral processes of the aedeagus and to a lesser extent by the shape and degree of curvature of the paired apical processes and by the presence of microspines on the posterior lobe of the pygofer. Some individual variation occurs in the point of origin of the lateral processes of the aedeagus rela- tive to the anterior ones (Text-figs. 264-271), Text-fig. 265 however being the most prevalent form throughout the entire geographical range. The population at Monterey, California (Text-figs. 267-269) is of particular in- terest since the variation of the lateral processes approaches in some specimens the condition found in D. retusa Beamer. In all other respects they are identical to D. rufula although paler in colour with a marked decrease in pigmentation towards the posterior end of the abdomen. The vertex is strongly produced as usual but is sometimes bluntly rounded apically rather than acutely so, while the head itself is in many cases markedly wider than the pronotum, similar to that of D. retusa. They are also slightly smaller in size than usual. The specimens from this locality were originally designated as paratypes of D. retusa. In addition to the above differences, the abdominal apodemes are, in all specimens except one, rudimentary indicating either parasitization or some other form of abnormality, both possibilities being supported by the reduction in colouration and size. Although rudimentary apo- demes and malformed genitalia often occur together as the clear result of parasitiza- tion, the precise cause is at other times uncertain. In the present case, the perfect development of the genitalia themselves renders the possibility of parasitization somewhat doubtful, suggesting an alternative cause of abnormality. Two explana- tions may be offered. These forms are either a further expression of the individual ENTOM. 21, 3 10 164 W. J. KNIGHT variation found to be present in Tulare County and the Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks populations, the poorly developed apodemes being purely coin- cidental, or they may be the result of hybridization between D. rufula and D. retusa Beamer, the rudimentary apodemes together with the paler colour and smaller size being a symptom of the lower viability of the resultant hybrids. Since D. rufula is more widespread, and evidently the more successful of the two species, the pre- dominence of its characters in any hybrid population, as seen in fact in the present forms, would be expected. If they are hybrids we can expect to find D. retusa more widespread than at present indicated since single specimens of similar, but less evident, " intermediate " forms have been found at Strawberry and Cuyamaca Lake, California. Whichever of the above explanations is correct, both D. rufula and D. retusa Beamer are here considered as distinct species. If the " intermediate " forms found at Monterey do indicate a crossing, their relatively poorly developed nature is a symptom of the general imbalance of their genotypes and their obvious inability to produce the correct mating call, as a result of the rudimentary apodemes, and hence compete successfully with the males of either of the two parent species. They are possibly the last visible indications of a relatively recent evolutionary splitting of what were once two subspecies. Dikraneura rubica DeLong & Caldwell (Text-figs. 277-289) Dikraneura (Notus) rubica DeLong & Caldwell, 1937^ : 28 - Length: $ 3-52-3-80 mm. (mean 3-66 mm.). $ 3-76 mm. Form and colour as in D. rufula Gillette but with vertex slightly less produced, the apex less acutely rounded and with patches on posterior region of vertex and anterior region of pronotum pale orange and much less distinct and ventral surface of abdomen pale whitish yellow. Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately 3 times width, extending to posterior end of 'fifth segment. Male genitalia as in D. rufula Gillette but with apical processes of aedeagus more closely apposed, the apical spine on posterior margin absent, the lateral processes arising immediately basad of apex alongside distal half of gonopore and anterior processes less acute and mounted on anterior prolongation of shaft. Female genitalia with posterolateral angles of sternum VII broadly rounded, posterior margin shallowly concave medially. Distribution. Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370:). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Ariz., White Mts., i $, 19. vi. 1950 (R, H Beamer) . The holotype $ and allotype $ (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Grand Canyon, n.viii.27 (R. H. Beamer)), located in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, were also studied. The year of both these specimens differs from that given in the original description. The genitalia of the holotype are also missing from the vial although the specimen in all other respects agrees with the single male specimen studied from the White Mountains, Arizona. The genitalia of the holotype are also well illus- trated in the original description and agree with those in the specimen from the White Mountains with the exception that the processes on the anterior surface of the REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 165 aedeagal shaft are referred to as a single spine rather than paired processes. Two additional specimens with the holotype and allotype and bearing the same data, are labelled as paratypes. One is a female and the other has its abdomen missing. Neither of these specimens were mentioned in the original description. Biology. Dikraneura rubica has been previously recorded only once, during August in Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, 1937*). Specimens at hand show it to be present in this state also during June. Remarks. Dikraneura rubica is closely related to both D. retusa Beamer and D. rufula Gillette, resembling the latter species externally but with the markings on the vertex and pronotum much less distinct, the venter of the abdomen whitish yellow rather than dark brown and with the vertex slightly less produced with the apex less acutely rounded. The pygofer of all three species is more or less identical as are also the facies of the aedeagus. In the latter structure, D. rubica resembles D. retusa in the possession of posterolateral processes and D. rufula in the possession of elongate anterior processes. It differs from both these species however by the absence of the posterior medial spine on the aedeagus and the longer male apodemes. / ~0) f^\ 278 U J 285 286 287 289 FIGS. 277-289. Dikraneura rubica DeLong & Caldwell. 277, head, pronotum and scutel- lum, dorsal view; 278, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 282; 279, male pygofer, posterior view; 280, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 281, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 282, aedeagus, left lateral view; 283, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 282; 284, connective, anterodorsal view; 285, left style, dorsal view; 286, left style, left lateral view; 287, connective, left lateral view; 288, female genitalia, ventral view; 289, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 166 W. J. KNIGHT Dikraneura vittata Borland (Text-figs. 290-305) Dikraneura vittata Borland, I955# : 158. Length: o* 4-00-4-38 mm. (mean 4-11 mm.). $ 4-00-4-24 mm. (mean 4-08 mm.). Head with width narrower than that of pronotum, vertex angularly produced with apex narrowly or broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, more produced and acutely angled in female, medial length i J times length next eyes, broadly rounded to face with latter slightly longer than wide, ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa; pronotum with width increasing posteriorly. Colour of face pale brownish, lora and genae whitish cream, eyes testaceous, vertex and pronotum whitish cream with a longitudinal vitta on each side of midline, from apex of vertex to posterior margin of pronotum, reddish. Scutellum whitish cream with disc marked with yellow, basal angles reddish, sometimes yellow; remainder of thorax with dorsum dark brown, venter pale stramineous. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline reddish, area between vein M and costal margin yellowish, internal edge of clavus, claval vein, claval suture and vein Cu to base of apical cell, whitish; apical half hyaline, smoky brown, veins creamish. Hind wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown to black, lateral edge pale yellow ; venter dark brown to black with lateral and posterior edges of sternites pale yellow; male pygofer light brown paling posteroventrally to cream, anal tube cream, valve and subgenital plates concolorous cream; female pygofer pale stramineous with dorsum and apex of ovipositor beyond pygofer dark brownish, sternum VII pale stramineous with medial area of posterior margin light brown. Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately i\ times width, extending to near posterior margin of fourth segment. Male genitalia with pygofer tapering abruptly posteriorly in lateral aspect to an elongate process directed posteromesally and sharply recurved dorsomesally approximately one third distance from its base, without teeth or with a single one only on posterior margin immediately distad of elbow; dorsolateral margin with a small group of spine-like setae near midlength; lateral surface with numerous short setae scattered over posterior half. Aedeagus with pre- atrium short; basal apodeme well developed, directed dorsally, laterally compressed and expanded apically; shaft elongate, directed posterodorsally, laterally compressed, tapering towards apex and terminating in a short variously directed peg-like process, posterior margin produced near midlength as a laterally compressed nose-like projection, a pair of elongate pro- cesses posterolaterally immediately distad of projection, curving ventrolaterally and then anterodorsally ; gonopore on posterior margin immediately distad of posterolateral processes. Female genitalia with posterior margin of sternum VII transverse and heavily sclerotized medially. Distribution. Mexico (Borland, I955). Specimens seen. MEXICO: Vera Cruz, 9 miles N.W. Jalapa, i <$, 3i.xii.i949, (JR. H. Beamer); Vera Cruz, Jalapa, i J, I $, 1.^.1963 (C. G. Martell). The holotype $ (MEXICO: Vera Cruz, 9 miles N.W. Jalapa, 3i.xii.i949 (L. D. Beamer}}, allotype $ (MEXICO: Vera Cruz, 9 miles N.W. Jalapa, 3i.xii.i949 (R. H. Beamer}}, n $, I $ paratypes (same data as holotype) and I <$, i $paratypes (same data as allotype), located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, were also studied. An additional i <$ paratype (MEXICO: Vera Cruz, 9 miles N.W. Jalapa, 3i.xii.i949 (R. H. Beamer}}, also located in the Snow Museum, is a new species, D. jalapensis, of which it is designated paratype. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 304 305 FIGS. 290-305. Dikraneura vittata Borland. 290, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view (male); 291, same (male); 292, same (female); 293, male pygofer, valve and sub- genital plate, left lateral view; 294, aedeagus (Vera Cruz, Mexico), left lateral view; 295, aedeagus, posterior view in direction of arrow in fig. 294 ; 296, aedeagus (Vera Cruz, Mexico), left lateral view; 297, posterior process of male pygofer showing basal tooth, left lateral view; 298, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 299, connective, left lateral view; 300, connective, anterior view; 301, female genitalia, ventral view; 302, male pygofer, posterior view; 303, left style, dorsal view; 304, left style, left lateral view; 305, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 168 W. J. KNIGHT Biology. Known only from Mexico, Dikraneura vittata has been recorded only during December (Borland, 19550). Of the specimens at hand, some were taken during December and the remainder during April. Remarks. Dikraneura vittata is related to D. beameri Borland in the shape of the aedeagus but is unique in its posterior nose-like projection on the shaft. It differs markedly however from D. beameri in the more elongate form of the pygofer pro- cesses which resemble those of D. serrata DeLong & Caldwell. The latter species differs from D. vittata however in having 1-3 teeth on each process, the latter being also more anteriorly recurved, and in the shape of the aedeagus. The shape of the female Vllth sternum also indicates the close relationship of D. vittata to both these species. In the shape of the pygofer, which resembles in general that of all the previously described species in this paper, and the shape of the aedeagus, which resembles all the species described here after, D. vittata may be considered an inter- mediate form between these two major groups (see discussion). Dikraneura serrata DeLong & Caldwell (Text-figs. 306-317) Dikraneura (Notus) serrata DeLong & Caldwell, 19370 : 2 4- Length: $ 3-80-4-00 mm. (mean (3-94 mm.). $4-18 mm. Form and colour as in D. vittata Borland but with vertex slightly more produced and acutely angled, longitudinal vittae on head and pronotum and basal area of fore wings paler or orange and basal angles of scutellum and ventral surface of abdomen pale yellow. Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately 2- times width, extending to anterior region of fifth segment. Male genitalia with pygofer as in D. vittata Borland but with recurved portion of processes directed more anteriorly and with a ventrally directed tooth at elbow and 1-3 smaller teeth along posterior margin. Aedeagus with preatrium short; basal apodeme well developed, directed dorsally; shaft elongate, laterally compressed, directed dorsoposteriorly with apex deeply and broadly emarginate in lateral aspect, the ventral margin of concavity mildly bifurcate apically, the basal half of shaft much narrower in lateral aspect than distal half and with a large rugose lobe on each side at its base; a pair of elongate processes posteriorly near midlength, directed laterally and anterodorsally ; gonopore on posterior surface between bases of posterior processes. Female genitalia with posterior margin of sternum VII transverse with medial region slightly produced and lightly sclerotized. Distribution. Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, I937), Mexico (Ruppel & DeLong, I9530)- Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., 2 <$, i $, io.vii.i95o (R. H. B earner}. The holotype $, allotype , 6 $, 14 $ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., I2.vi.33 (^- H. B earner)), 2 , 4 $ paratypes (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., I7.vii.32 (R. H. Beamer)) and 2 paratypes (same data as holotype) with abdomens missing, all located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, and I <$ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Santa Rita Mts., i7.vii.32 (R. H. Beamer}} and 3 <, 5$ paratypes (same data as holotype), located in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, were also studied. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 169 Biology. The only date previously recorded for D. serrata is June in Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370). Specimens at hand were taken during July in this state. In Mexico, this species, together with other members of the genus, is appar- ently restricted to the pine regions of the higher altitudes (Ruppel & DeLong, 1953*). Remarks. Dikraneura serrata resembles >. vittata Borland in general appearance although the red colouration on the vertex, pronotum and fore wings is less vivid than in the latter species. It is related to D. vittata also in the elongate form of the pygofer process but may be distinguished by the constant presence of teeth along its posterior margin and its more anteriorly directed recurved portion. The general shape of the aedeagus is similar to that of both D. beameri Borland and D. vittata but D. serrata is unique in having lobes at the base of the shaft and the emargination at its apex. 314 316 315 317 FIGS. 306-317. Dikraneura serrata DeLong & Caldwell. 306, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view; 307, male pygofer, posterior view; 308, left subgenital plate ventral view; 309, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 310, aedeagus, left lateral view; 311, aedeagus, posteroventral view in direction of arrow in fig. 310; 312, female genitalia, ventral view; 313, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 314, connective, dorsal view; 315, connective, left lateral view; 316, left style, dorsal view; 317, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. 170 W. J. KNIGHT Dikraneura beameri Borland (Text-figs. 318-331) Dikraneura beameri Borland, 1955(3 : 159. Length: <$ 3'7O-4-i2 mm. (mean 3-94 mm.). $ 3-90-4-12 mm. (mean 4-00 mm.). Form and colour as in D. vittata Borland. Male apodemes elongate, narrow, each with length approximately 2^ times width, extending to posterior margin of fourth segment. 330 331 FIGS. 318331. Dikraneura beameri Borland. 318, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view (male); 319, same (female) ; 320, male py gofer, posterior view; 321, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 322, aedeagus, left lateral view; 323, aedea- gus, posteroventral view in direction of arrow in fig. 322; 324, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 325, male pygofer, dorsal view; 326, connective, anterodorsal view; 327, connective, left lateral view; 328, female genitalia, ventral view; 329, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 330, left style, dorsal view; 331, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16. REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 171 Male genitalia with pygofer tapering posteriorly in lateral aspect and terminating dorso- posteriorly in a short robust process recurved anteromesally, its dorsal surface with numerous stout teeth ; dorsolateral margin with a group of spine-like setae near midlength ; lateral surface with numerous short setae over posterior half. Aedeagus with preatrium short ; basal apodeme well developed, directed dorsally ; shaft elongate, laterally compressed, directed dorsoposteriorly with apical one-fifth tapered and curving more posteriorly ; posterior margin at base of tapered sector acutely produced, sometimes weakly so ; a pair of elongate posterior processes immediately distad of midlength directed laterally and anterodorsally ; gonopore on posterior margin between bases of posterior processes. Female genitalia with posterior margin of sternum VII transverse and lightly sclerotized. Distribution. Mexico (Borland, 19550). Specimens seen. MEXICO: Vera Cruz, 9 miles N.W. Jalapa, I <$, 3i.xii.i949 (R. H. Beamer) ; Vera Cruz, Jalapa, 5 , 2i.iv.44 (G- B> Sartoris}; Md., Plummers Id., 3 <, 3 ?, 25.viii.43, 3 $, i $, 28.viii.43 (R. H. Beamer); Md., Ocean City, i $, i8.vi.i8 (/. G. Sanders); Va., Arlington, 7 $, i.viii.43, 5 <2, 5 ?, I2.ix.43 (R. H. Beamer); Va., Battle Pt., 2 $, 22.vi.i8 (/. G. Sanders); Va., Dismal Swamp, 2 $, i3.viii.34 (R. H. Beamer) ; Va., Mt. Lake, 2 <$, 2 $, 2 .ix. 1946 (R. H. Beamer) ; Va., Cp. Charles, i , i.viii.20, i ?, 3.viii.20 (D. M. DeLong}; Va., Norfolk, i <, 8.x. 32 (L. D. Anderson}; N. C., Crusoe, i <, i $, viii.35 (Z. P. Metcalf); N. C., mountains, i ^, ENTOM. 21, 3. II i8o W. J. KNIGHT 5 $, 1937-1938 (Z. P. Metcalf); N. C., The Cliffs State Park, i , 27.^.1957, i ?, 30. iv. 1959 (Z). ^4. Young); N. C., Whiteside Mt., i <, 6.vi.i957 (Z). A Young) ; N. C., Mt. Airy, i $, 4.ix.i94i (Zx!. C. Peeples); N. C., Sampson Co., i $, 27^.1957 (Z). .4. Young) ; N. C., Morrow Mtn. State Park, i $, i , 20. vi. 1958 (D. A. Young), 1 $, 22.vii.59 (F. W. Mead}; N. C., Swannanoa, i <, i , is.viii.igig, 2 <$, 2 $, 29.viii.i9i9, i $, i6.viii.i9i9 (Osborn & Metcalf); N. C., Wake Co., 2 <$, 3 $, 23. v. 1958 (Z). A. Young}; N. C., Highlands, 3 $, 2 ?, 7.^.1957, i ?, 5.^.1957 (Z). A Young}; N. C., Haywood Co., 4 $, 2 $, 20.vii.i958 (D. A. Young}; N. C., Swain Co., 2^,1$, 28.vii.i958 (D. A. Young}; N. C.,Mt. Pisgah, i $, I4.viii.i957, 2 <$, 3 $, I7.vii.i958, i , i8.vii.i959, i $, i8.vi.i958, i <, i8.vii.i958, 2 ^, 4 $, I5.viii.i957 (D. A. Young}; N. C., Raleigh, 2 ^, 6 ?, x.ign (wo collector), i <, 3i.viii.i946 (Z,. Z). Beamer), i <$, 15. vi. 1957 (D. A. Young}; N. C., Crabtree Meadows Park, 3 $, 29^11.1958 (Z). ^4. Young}; N. C., Cedar Mt., i $, I5.viii.i957 (Z). ^4. Young}; N. C., Robbinsville, 3 , 24.vii.i958, i $, 28.vii.i958 (D. A. Young}; N. C., Graham Co., Hooper bald, 3 $, 27.vii.i958 (D. A. Young}; N. C., Graham Co., 4 <$, 5 $, 28.vii.i958 (D. ^4. Young}; Tenn., Hamilton Co., 2 <, i $, 22.x. 40 (PT. Z 7 . Turner); Tenn., Byersburg, i $, I7.vi.i5 (no collector}; Tenn., Clarksville, 2 <$, 23.vi.i5 (no collector}, i ^, 4.vii.39 (/. D. Beamer), i $, I5.vii.i939 (Z^. H. Beamer}; N. C. and Tenn., Roan Mt., 5,5oo'-6,30o', i <$, 2 $, 1/3. ix. 1927 (Z. P. Metcalf); Ga., Cornelia, i $, vi.iS (Z). M. DeLong); Ala., Elgin, 3 ^, 6 . vii . 1939 (Zx!. ZZ. Beamer); Ark., Fayetteville, i <^, 20. x. 1937 (M. W. Sanderson); Okla., Alfalfa Co., i ^, 2 ?, 3.x. 1948, i ?, 9.^.1948, i & 23.x. 1948, i $, 5^.1949 (S. Coppock); Kans., Hamilton Co., 3,350', i <, vii.i92i (no collector); Kans., Douglas Co., i (J, 21. vi. 1928, 4 ^, no date (P. B. Lawson), i , 26.x. 1944 (R. H. Beamer); Kans., Pratt Co., 1,900', i ^, vi.i92i (no collector); Kans., Scott Co., S. Pk., i $, 9.viii.45 (Z^. ZZ. Beamer); Kans., Leavenworth Co., i $, 6.V.39 (D. E. Hardy}; Kans., Cherokee Co., i <$, 20.iv.35, i ^, 3o.viii.39, 2 $, 5 ?, i8.ix.i945, i $, ig.ix.45 (Z^. ZZ. Beamer); Kans., Lawrence, 4 ^, 14^.39 (L. Lipovsky); Kans., La Cygne, 2 $, 12. x. 1948, i <^, 14. x. 1948, i ^, 20. x. 1948 (7?. ZZ. Beamer); Mo., Hollister, i $, 22.vii.i9i5 (ZZ. ZZ. Knight); Texas, San Antonio, 4 <$, 25.vi.38 (R. ZZ. Beamer}; Texas, Dallas, 2 ^, 5.xii.i945 (Zx!. ZZ. Beamer}; Texas, Sarita, i $, 25.xii.i945 (R. ZZ. Beamer}; Texas, Crosby, i <$, 27.^.1953 (R. ZZ. Beamer); Colo., Holly, 2 & 6.ix.38 (Z). . Hardy}. New Records: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, Alabama, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Missouri. Of the original type series, seventeen specimens present in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, (UNITED STATES: Tenn., Knoxville, 204, 2 <, i ?, I3.ix.i5 (no collector}; Tenn., Clarksville, 115, 2 ^, i $, I4.vii.i5 (no collector); Tenn., Clarksville, 109, i <$, 9.vii.i5 (no collector); Tenn., Clarksville, 108, i <$, 6.vii.i5 (no collector}; Tenn., Clarksville, 100, 2 $, 5.vii.i5 (no collector}; Tenn., Clarksville, 116, i $, I4.ix.i5 (no collector}; Tenn., Clarksville, 183, I $, 25.x. 15 (no collector}; Tenn., Clarksville, i , 3I.X.I5 (D. M. DeLong}; Tenn., Knoxville, 2 $, I3.ix.i5 (D. M. DeLong}; Tenn., Knoxville, 206, i $, I3.ix.i5 (no collector}; Tenn., Mem- phis, 45, i ?, 21 . vi. 15 (no collector}) were also studied. Of these specimens, the male REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 181 labelled " Clarksville, Tenn., 7-6-15 108 " is here designated as LECTOTYPE and the remaining specimens as PARALECTOTYPES. Biology. Dikraneura angustata is active from early spring to late summer and is recorded during May in Illinois (McAtee, 19260), Ohio (Johnson, 19350) and Kentucky (Young, 1949) and even as early as April in Georgia (Fattig, 19550). Specimens at hand show it to be present during April also in Ontario, Maryland, North Carolina, Kansas and Texas and even as early as February in District of Columbia. Its latest recorded appearance is October in Ohio (Johnson, 19350) and North Carolina (Brimley, 19380) and present specimens indicate this month also for District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Kansas. Specimens are also at hand for November in District of Columbia and December for Texas. McAtee (19260) records it on Locust in Illinois while Phillips (19510) gives its hosts as grasses in Sour Cherry orchards in Ontario. Remarks. Dikraneura angustata is closely related to the following species, D. torta DeLong & Caldwell, especially in the shape of the male genitalia. D. angustata, however, may be distinguished by the shorter and more robust form of the pygofer with the posterior processes stouter, and the teeth more ridge-like and closer to- gether rather than separate and distinct. The aedeagus is also relatively shorter, less tapered in posterior aspect, with the apical flap-like processes more broadly rounded in lateral aspect and with the gonopore level with rather than basad of lateral processes. The two species are further distinguished by the shorter, rela- tively narrower and more divergent abdominal apodemes in D. angustata. Ex- ternally, the two species are easily distinguished by the larger size of D. torta, the difference in colouration and the shape of the head and pronotum. D. angustata is similar externally to D. abnormis (Walsh) but is smaller, with the apex of the vertex more obtusely angled and with slightly different colouration. The male genitalia of both species are distinct. Dikraneura torta DeLong & Caldwell (Text-figs. 393-407) Dikraneura (Notus) torta DeLong & Caldwell, 1937^ : 2 5- Length: $ 3-70-4-00 mm. (mean 3-77 mm.). Q 3'76-3'96 mm. (mean 3-90 mm.). Head with width greater than that of pronotum, vertex moderately produced with apex broadly rounded in dorsal aspect, more markedly produced and acutely rounded in female, medial length approximately i^ times length next eyes, broadly rounded to face with latter as long as wide, ocellocular area equal in width to antennal fossa; pronotum with sides parallel. Colour of face sordid yellow or cream, lora, genae and vertex cream, eyes testaceous. Pro- notum cream, disc sordid pale pinkish, with three faintly indicated longitudinal vittae, one medial and one over each lateral edge of disc, yellowish, the outer two rarely extending onto vertex; scutellum cream with basal angles and disc anterior to transverse suture, yellow; remainder of thorax pale yellowish or creamish. Legs pale stramineous. Fore wings with basal area subhyaline pale orange, rarely pale greenish yellow, with internal edge of clavus, claval vein, claval suture and Cu and M to base of apical cells, whitish; apical half hyaline, 182 W. J. KNIGHT faintly smoked with brown, veins creamish. Hind wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Male abdomen with dorsum dark brown, lateral margin yellow, venter yellow, pygofer pale brown with subgenital plates cream; female abdomen uniformly pale yellowish or creamish with edge of medial emargination of sternum VII light brown. Male apodemes elongate, each with length approximately 2^ times width, extending to posterior region of fifth segment. Male genitalia as in D. angustata Ball & DeLong but with pygofer more elongate, pygofer process more slender and with teeth much smaller and restricted to elbow and recurved portion, and the aedeagus more elongate, more tapered in posterior aspect and with apical flap-like processes more acute, apical spur-like processes smaller and lateral processes distad of gonopore. Female genitalia with sternum VII as in D. angustata Ball & DeLong but relatively wider. 407 FIGS. 393-407. Dikraneura tovta DeLong & Caldwell. 393, head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view (male); 394, same (female); 395, male pygofer, posterior view; 396, male pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, left lateral view; 397, apical processes of aedeagus, dorsal view in direction of arrow in fig. 398; 398, aedeagus, left lateral view; 399, aedeagus, posteroventral view in direction of arrow in fig. 398; 400, female genitalia, ventral view; 401, left subgenital plate, ventral view; 402, male pygofer, dorsal view; 403, connective, anterior view; 404, left style, dorsal view; 405, connective, left lateral view; 406, abdominal apodemes, dorsal view; 407, left style, left lateral view. Scale as in figs. 1-16, REVISION OF HOLARCTIC DIKRANEURA 183 Distribution. Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370). Specimens seen. UNITED STATES: Ariz., Mt. Lemon, i <$, 4 $, 29.^.1948 (R. H. Beamer) . The holotype <$ and i <$ paratype (UNITED STATES: Ariz., Chiricahua Mts., 9.vi.33 (R. H. Beamer}}, located in the Snow Museum, University of Kansas, and I <$ paratype (same data), located in the DeLong Collection, Ohio State University, were also studied. The male paratype in the Snow Museum is abnormal, possibly parasitized. Biology. Restricted to Arizona, D. torta has been previously recorded only during June (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370). Present specimens show it to be present also during April. Remarks. Although D. torta is larger and less slender than D. angustata Ball & DeLong and differs also in colouration and the shape of the head and pronotum, making them easily distinguishable externally, the two species are closely related on the basis of the male genitalia. The latter are sufficiently distinct, however, to permit recognition and are discussed under D. angustata. The restriction of D. torta to Arizona, compared with the widespread distribution of D. angustata Ball & DeLong over the eastern half of the United States, suggests that D. torta may be a subspecies of the latter. In view of their marked external differences, however, and the absence of a longer series of D. torta preventing a more critical study, they are here considered as distinct species. Dikraneura arcta DeLong & Caldwell (Text-figs. 408-413) Dikraneura (Notus) arcta DeLong & Caldwell, 19370 : 29. Length: <$ 3-20 mm. Head with width equal to that of pronotum, vertex angularly produced with medial length approximately twice length next eyes, apex narrowly rounded in dorsal aspect ; pronotum with width increasing posteriorly. Colour of head yellow, paling laterally over genae to cream. Pronotum cream with a longi- tudinal vitta on each side of midline and a much narrower medial one, pale yellow; scutellum cream with basal angles and medial area pale yellow; remainder of thorax yellowish. Legs cream. Fore wings with basal area pale greenish yellow opaque ; apical area hyaline. (Colour of abdomen not obtainable). Male apodemes elongate, length of each 3 times width, divergent, extending to posterior margin of fifth segment. Male genitalia as in D. angustata Ball & DeLong but with pygofer more elongate, posterior processes more slender, directed more anteriorly and with teeth smaller and restricted to re- curved portion and with aedeagus straight, tapering distally and with lateral processes markedly distad of gonopore and diverging anterolaterally. (Apex of aedeagus missing in holotype). Female unknown. Distribution. Arizona (DeLong & Caldwell, 19370). Specimens seen. Holotype